Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 2024
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
REDIP
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado
Volume 5, Number 9, January - June, 2024
Redip
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Legal Depósito: TA2019000041
https://redip.iesip.edu.ve
Fediesip
EDITORIAL FUND OF THE INSTITUTE OF HIGHER STUDIES
IN RESEARCH AND POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
Institute of Higher Studies in Research and
Postgraduate Studies
Digital Journal of Research and Postgraduate Studies
Editorial Coordination: Dr. Omar Escalona Vivas
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Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
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REDIP, Digital Journal of Research and Postgraduate Studies, a biannual publication, Vol. 5 No. 9, January - June
2024. Responsible Editor: Omar Escalona Vivas. Publication Address: Institute of Higher Studies in Research and
Postgraduate Studies (Iesip). San Cristóbal, Táchira State, Venezuela. Phone: (+58) 04147158835. Email:
redip@iesip.edu.ve © Redip. Digital Journal of Research and Postgraduate Studies. The concepts expressed in the
articles belong to their authors. Reproduction of texts is allowed with proper citation.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 2024
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Objective and a Scope of REDIP
The objective of REDIP is to disseminate research, essays, scientific articles, and innovative experiences carried out
by postgraduate students in the fields of social sciences, education, and epistemology. Likewise, given that the
purpose of the journal is to communicate scientific information, it is necessary to refer to the recipients throughout
the process, who are none other than the readers.
REDIP is indexed in the Latin American Network of Journals in Social Sciences LatinREV, Google Scholar, Academic
Resource Index ResearchBib, EuroPub, Association of Academic Journals of Humanities and Social Sciences, and
INTERNET ARCHIVE. The journal is a signatory of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA),
Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI), and the Cape Town Open Education Declaration (CPT+10). REDIP has a
presence on social networks such as LinkedIn, Instagram, and Facebook. The journal operates under a Creative
Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License; any derivative work must be published and dis-
tributed under the same CC-BY-NC-SA open access license granted in the original publication. The journal has
the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2665-038X indexed by Carretera, the International Standard Serial
Number for serial publications. The Legal Deposit Number TA2019000041 was assigned on September 4, 2019, by
the Autonomous Institute National Library and Library Services in Venezuela in accordance with the legal attribution
contained in Article 14 of the Legal Deposit Law, in concordance with Articles 31 and 41 of the Regulations of the
aforementioned Law. ISSN assigned by the Autonomous Institute National Library and Library Services in Vene-
zuela.
Access to REDIP can be made through the following links.
URL: redip.iesip.edu...
Google: www.google.com/...
Bing: www.bing.com/se...
Yahoo: search.yahoo.com
.
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Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 2024
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Institute of Higher Sudies in Research and
Postgraduate Studies
CEO
Dra. Danny Soledad Méndez Márquez
Email: danny.mendez@iesip.edu.ve
General Academic Coordinator
Marco José Roa Méndez
Email: danny.mendez@iesip.edu.ve
General Secretary
Dr. Oscar Enrique Cárdenas Duarte
Email: oscar.duarte@iesip.edu.ve
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Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 2024
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Revista de Investigación y Postgrado
Volume 5, number 9 January - June, 2024
Comité Editorial (Editorial Board)
Editor in Chief (Editor en Jefe)
Omar Escalona Vivas. Dr. en Cienccias de la Educación. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y
Postgrado: San Cristóbal-Venezuela. Email: omar.escalona@iesip.edu.ve
International Coordinators (Coordinadores Internacionales)
Ronald Humberto Ordoñez Silva. Dr. en Ciencias de la Educación. Corporación Internacional para la Ges-
tión del Conocimiento Corpcigec, Quito-Ecuador. Email: ronald.cigec@gmail.com
Yan Carlos Ureña Villamizar. Dr. en Ciencias, Mención Gerencia. Universidad Universidad Privada Dr. Rafael
Belloso Chacín. Dr. en Gestión de la Tecnología y la Innovación. Postdoctor en Ciencias Humanas, Universidad
del Zulia. Tecnológico de Antioquia, Antioquia – Colombia. E-mail: yan.ureña@tdea.edu.co
Wit Jay Vanegas. Dr. en MSc Gerencia de Proyectos de Investigación y Desarrollo. Universidad Nacional
Abierta y a Distancia. Barranquilla – Colombia. E-mail: wittjayvanegas001@gmail.com
Advisory Board (Consejo Científico)
David Gerardo Colina Gómez. Dr. en Ciencias Gerenciales. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación
y Postgrado, San Cristóbal-Venezuela. E-mail: dagercol@gmail.com
Jonathan de Jesús Pernía Pérez. Dr. Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez,
Venezuela, La Grita – Venezuela. E-mail: perniaperezjonathanjesus@gamil.com
Dilka Consuelo Chacón Hernández. Dra. en Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de
Investigación y Postgrado, San Cristóbal-Venezuela. E-mail: chacondilka113@gmail. com
Marco José Roa Méndez. Dr. en Ambiente y Desarrollo. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación
9
y Postgrado, Venezuela. E-mail: mendezmarcosjose@gmail.com
Lidiz Thamaira Pérez Meneses. Dra. en Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de In-
vestigación y Postgrado, San Cristóbal-Venezuela. E-mail:tamyperezmeneses@hotmail.com
Iraima Zoraida Pérez Meneses. Dra. en Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Li-
bertador, Rubio -Venezuela. E-mail:iraimaperez@hotmail.com
Lesbia Ferrer Cayama. Dra. en Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos
Occidentales Ezequiel Zamora. Santa Bárbara, Barinas - Venezuela. E-mail: lesbiaferrer68@gmail.com
Álvaro Sánchez Romero. MSc. en Gestión de las tecnologías educativas. Colegio Carlos Vicente Rey. Pie-
decuesta - Colombia. E-mail: grupo.investigacion.cavirey@gmail.com
Damian Islas Mondragón. Dr. en Filosofía de la Ciencia. Instituto de Ciencias Sociales – Universidad Juárez
del Estado de Durango. México. Email: damianislas@ujed.mx
International Reviewers Board (Consejo Internacional de Revisores)
Diego Fernando Coral Coral.
Dr. en Física, Postdoctorado en Nanotecnología. Universidad del Cauca: Po-
payan, Cauca, Colombia. E-mail: dfcoral@unicauca.edu.co
Fermín Aceves de la Cruz. Dr. en Ciencias en Físicas. Universidad de Guadalajara: Guadalajara, México. E-
mail: fermin.adelacruz@academicos.udg.mx
Mauricio Gerardo Duque Villalba.
Dr. en Ciencias de la Educación. Institución Educativa Distrital Nicolás
Buenaventura. Santa Marta, Colombia: E-mail: mageduvi@hotmail.com
Cristóbal E. Vega G. Dr. en Estadística e Investigación de Operaciones. Universidad de Carabobo: Valencia,
Carabobo - Venezuela: E-mail: cvega@uc.edu.ve
Gerardo Fabian Goya.
Dr. en Física. Universidad de Zaragoza. Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón: Zaragoza
- España. E-mail: goya@unizar.es
Gerson José Márquez.
Dr. en Física de la Materia Condensada. Universidad Tecnológica del Perú: Arequipa
- Perú. E-mail: gmarquez@@utp.edu.pe
José Rafael Prado Pérez. Dr en Educación Mención Currículo. Universidad de Los Andes: Mérida - Venezuela.
E-mail: jrpp@ula.ve
Otilio Arturo Acevedo Sandoval.
Dr. en Ciencias Biológicas y Doctor en Ciencias Químicas. Universidad
Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo: Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, México. E-mail: acevedo@uaeh.edu.mx
Rosmary Guillén Guillén.
Máster en Física y Tecnologías Físicas. Universidad Tecnológica del Perú. Arequipa,
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 2024
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Perú. E-mail:c21372@utp.edu.pe
José Armando Santiago Rivera. Dr. en Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad de Los Andes: San Cristóbal,
Táchira-Venezuela. E-mail: asantia@ula.ve
Juan José Milón Guzman.
Dr. en Ingeniería Mecánica. Universidad Tecnológica del Perú: Arequipa, Perú. E-
mail: jmilon@utp.edu.pe>
Jesús Tanori Quintana.
Dr. en Ciencias Sociales. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora: Obregón, Sonora, México.
E-mail: jesus.tanori@itson.edu.mx
Publisher Institutional Unity IESIP (Consejo editorial institucional IESIP)
Coordination (Coordinación)
Oscar Enrique Cárdenas Duarte.
Dr. en Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de In-
vestigación y Postgrado, Venezuela. Email: oscarduarte@iesip.edu.ve
Technical Advice (Consejo Técnico)
Marcos José Roa Méndez.
Dr. en Ambiente y Desarrollo. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación
y Postgrado, Venezuela. E-mail: mendezmarcosjose@gmail.com
Lira Soledad Roa Méndez. Dra. en Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y
Postgrado, Venezuela. E-mail: lyrasoledad@gmail.com
Translator (Traductor)
Ronald Humberto Ordoñez Silva.
Dr. en Ciencias de la Educación. Corporación Internacional para la Gestión
del Conocimiento Corpcigec, Quito-Ecuador. Email: ronald.cigec@gmail.com
Technical Management (Gestión Técnica)
Luis Lobo.
Ingeniero Industrial. E-mail: luis.lobo0811@gmail.com.
11
Indexations
Our journal is indexed in the following databases and scientific information systems:
Selective International Databases
Journal Evaluation Platforms
Selective Directories
Selective Periodical Archives
Copyright Policies of Publishers
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 2024
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
International Library Catalogs
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© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 2024
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
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© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Signatories of
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 17-20
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Editorial
Transcending Borders: A Multidisciplinary Journey through Knowledge in REDIP
The beginning of a scientific journal represents an opportunity for an institution to transcend borders through
the dissemination of knowledge. REDIP, born in 2019 with this purpose, has faced challenges on its journey,
but collaborative efforts have paved the way to success. Continuous editorial improvement has been crucial
in achieving international standards, and each published issue reflects the outcome of these efforts.
Our contributors are our greatest asset and a source of pride, enabling readers to find highly relevant infor-
mation in the various articles and essays published. Diverse educational topics have been addressed, and
the citation of our works in different publications highlights their contribution to the global scientific commu-
nity.
The bonds forged from the beginning are strengthened in this issue, disseminating content in four languages
(Spanish, English, Portuguese, and French) and expanding our reach to a larger audience. We hope our ar-
ticles and essays continue to follow the path laid out, internalizing knowledge and eagerly anticipating new
manuscripts from our readers and future collaborators for upcoming REDIP issues.
From the island of Cuba, Dr. Rosa and Dr. Dianelys present a work reflecting postgraduate experiences at the
University Medical of Havana. Venturing into a virtual postgraduate design during the pandemic has been
an enriching experience, prompting reflection on the new way of developing the educational process. This
work offers readers a web of concepts and elements of interest, ready to be explored and reviewed at their
convenience.
Dr. Savier shares with us his study titled "Emotional Intelligence of Teachers for Biology Learning in University
Students." This research reveals relevant aspects that can serve as a theoretical reference for ongoing work.
Savier's work stands as a valuable contribution to the field, providing insights that can enrich and guide future
research.
In this series of works, Dr. Adrián Filiberto immerses us in an eloquent discourse that reveals new constructs
to consider in the context of a doctoral thesis. He delves into a discursive universe ranging from disciplinary,
interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary to complex and transcomplex. Filiberto proposes the need for a her-
meneutic turn in the discourse of a doctoral thesis, guided by a compass pointing to a specific point in the
complex lexical of the communicative act, thus marking the path for the researcher.
From Colombia, specialists Sandra, Estela, and Edni guide us through educational participation, focusing on
parents and the community, establishing an intrinsic connection with academic performance. An integral de-
finition highlights the importance of family-school collaboration, exploring various forms of participation. The
article delves into the fundamental role of educational participation, the factors influencing its success, and
its impact on academic performance.
Similarly, Alix, César, and Nubia share their pedagogical experience in an article detailing strategies to cultivate
emotional intelligence in the classroom, strengthening basic education. Emphasizing the fundamental role
of teachers in the educational process, they highlight the need and responsibility of institutions and the state
to provide continuous training programs for educators.
In an effort to enrich the content of this issue, Dr. Freddy and M.Sc. Jhon share their article on how transfor-
mational leadership in education is essential for management and educational impact, inspiring and motiva-
ting towards shared goals, promoting a positive environment. This approach stands out as determinant for
academic success, redefining the educational role and creating an enriching environment. Thus, they invite
us to explore and reflect on the relevance and transformative potential of leadership.
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Editorial
Also, in this issue, the work of M.Sc. Carlos, Katherine, and Edilsa can be found, where the reader will discover
a scientifically inseparable perspective on the relationship between vocational guidance and multiple intelli-
gences. The authors present an innovative approach that integrates vocational guidance with multiple inte-
lligences theories, offering a comprehensive and enriching view for personal and professional development.
We hope those who read this work enjoy the reading and find inspiration for their own professional growth!
Another valuable type of work in this issue is the essay by master's student Digna Julio, who, through a
detailed analysis of the legal framework of the educational system in Venezuela, highlights the importance
of the Constitution as the supreme norm and the Organic Law of Education. We hope this information is of
great use in understanding the foundations and hierarchy of the legal framework governing the Venezuelan
educational system.
Venezuelan Ph.D. student Yselia López presents a stimulating analysis of the debate surrounding educational
praxis from the perspective of critical pedagogy and didactics. Her propositions emphasize the urgent need
for a critical reflection on university teaching practices, aligning them with the vision, innovation, and solutions
required to address contemporary educational challenges. Likewise, López defends a critical pedagogy that
is participative, intercultural, pro-equality, equitable, and inclusive, grounded in critical theory, preparing stu-
dents to face the challenges of today's society.
The essay by Ph.D. students Dustin and Zuly, titled "Continuous Teacher Training for Inclusive Education based
on Competency Teaching," examines how contemporary society redefines education and continuous teacher
training, emphasizing the importance of inclusion and competency-based methodology. The work highlights
the need to train educators to promote inclusive education, proposing significant changes and high-quality
strategies. Additionally, it underscores the close relationship between inclusive training and competency-
based teaching, emphasizing profound changes and a commitment to educational excellence. This compre-
hensive approach aims to strengthen teaching and adapt to diverse perspectives and educational trends.
In the closing of this issue, Dr. Gregth Hernández guides us through an essay that explores Music, Philosophy,
and Transcomplexity as an amalgamation between man, melody, thought, and reality. Highlighting the con-
nection between music and thought, Hernández reflects on their function as forms of art seeking balance
between science, art, logic, and emotion. He addresses the human need to maintain a comprehensive and
transcendental vision, especially in the era of transcomplexity. The essay reveals how music acts as a precursor
to transcomplexity, posing questions about its role as a transcomplex code and its intrinsic relationship with
philosophy. It proposes a journey between music and philosophy as a means to overcome classical boundaries
and build new representations in the re-signification of reality.
We hope the works comprising this issue are enjoyable for all our readers.
Ph.D. Omar Escalona Vivas
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-0339
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Editorial
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 17-20
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Editorial
Trascendiendo Fronteras: Un Viaje Multidisciplinario a través del Conocimiento en REDIP
El inicio de una revista científica representa la oportunidad para que una institución trascienda fronteras me-
diante la difusión del conocimiento. REDIP, nacida en 2019 con este propósito, ha enfrentado desafíos en su
trayecto, pero el esfuerzo colaborativo ha allanado el camino hacia el éxito. La constante mejora editorial ha
sido crucial para alcanzar estándares internacionales, y cada número publicado refleja el fruto de estos es-
fuerzos.
Nuestros colaboradores son nuestro mayor valor y fuente de orgullo, permitiendo a los lectores encontrar
información de gran relevancia en los diversos artículos y ensayos publicados. Se han abordado temáticas
educativas diversas, y la citación de nuestros trabajos en diferentes publicaciones destaca su contribución a
la comunidad científica global.
Los lazos forjados desde el inicio se fortalecen en el presente número, divulgando en cuatro idiomas (español,
inglés, portugués y francés) y ampliando nuestro alcance a un mayor número de lectores. Esperamos que
nuestros artículos y ensayos continúen siguiendo la senda trazada, internalizando conocimientos y antici-
pando con entusiasmo los nuevos manuscritos de nuestros lectores y futuros colaboradores para los próximos
números de REDIP.
Desde la isla de Cuba, las doctoras Rosa y Dianelys presentan un trabajo que refleja las experiencias a nivel
de postgrado en la Universidad Médica de La Habana. La incursión en un diseño virtual para postgrado du-
rante la pandemia ha sido una experiencia enriquecedora, llevándonos a reflexionar sobre la nueva forma
de desarrollar el proceso educativo. Este trabajo ofrece a los lectores un entramado de conceptos y elementos
de interés, listos para ser explorados y revisados según la conveniencia del lector.
El Dr. Savier comparte con nosotros su estudio titulado "La inteligencia emocional de los docentes para el
aprendizaje de la biología en los estudiantes universitarios". Esta investigación revela aspectos relevantes
que pueden servir como referencia teórica para trabajos en desarrollo en la actualidad. Un investigador siem-
pre sigue las huellas que dejan otros colegas con sus contribuciones, y este trabajo de Savier se presenta
como una valiosa contribución al campo, proporcionando insights que pueden enriquecer y orientar inves-
tigaciones futuras.
En esta serie de trabajos, el Dr. Adrián Filiberto nos sumerge en un discurso elocuente que revela nuevos
constructos a tener en cuenta en el contexto de una tesis doctoral. Se introduce en un universo discursivo
que abarca desde lo disciplinario, interdisciplinario y transdisciplinario hasta lo complejo y transcomplejo. Se
plantea la necesidad de un giro hermenéutico en el discurso de una tesis doctoral, guiado por una brújula
que señala un punto específico en el complejo lexical del acto comunicativo, marcando así el camino a seguir
para el investigador.
Desde Colombia, las especialistas Sandra, Estela y Edni nos guían a través de la participación educativa, en-
focándose en padres y comunidad, estableciendo una conexión intrínseca con el rendimiento escolar. Una
definición integral que resalta la importancia de la colaboración familia-escuela, explorando diversas formas
de participación. El artículo profundiza en el papel fundamental de la participación educativa y los factores
que influyen en su éxito, así como su impacto en el rendimiento escolar.
Asimismo, Alix, César y Nubia comparten su experiencia pedagógica en un artículo que detalla estrategias
para cultivar la inteligencia emocional en el aula, fortaleciendo la educación básica. Se destaca que el docente
es fundamental en el proceso educativo y debe cuidar su desarrollo formativo. Además, se enfatiza la nece-
sidad y responsabilidad de las instituciones y el Estado en proporcionar programas de formación continua
19
Editorial
para el profesorado.
En la perspectiva de enriquecer el contenido del presente número el Dr. Freddy y el M. Sc. Jhon nos cuentan
en su artículo que el liderazgo transformacional en la educación es esencial para la gestión y el impacto
educativo porque inspira y motiva hacia metas compartidas, promoviendo un ambiente positivo. Este enfoque
se destaca como determinante para el éxito académico, redefiniendo el papel educativo y creando un entorno
enriquecedor; razón por la cual nos invitan a explorar y reflexionar sobre su relevancia y potencial transfor-
mador del liderazgo.
Igualmente, en este número se encuentra el trabajo de los M.Sc. Carlos, Katherine y Edilsa en donde el lector
podrá encontrar una perspectiva científica inseparable sobre la relación entre orientación vocacional e inteligencias
múltiples. Los autores del artículo presentan un enfoque innovador que integra la orientación vocacional con las
teorías de las inteligencias múltiples, ofreciendo una visión integral y enriquecedora para el desarrollo personal
y profesional. ¡Esperamos que quienes lean este trabajo lo disfruten de esta lectura y encuentren inspiración para
su propio crecimiento profesional!
Otro tipo de trabajo valioso del número es el ensayo de la maestrante Digna Julio quien a través de un un
análisis detallado del ordenamiento jurídico del sistema educativo en Venezuela, resalta la importancia de la
Constitución como norma suprema y la Ley Orgánica de Educación. Esperamos que esta información sea de
gran utilidad para comprender los fundamentos y la jerarquía del marco legal que rige el sistema educativo
venezolano.
La estudiante de doctorado venezolana, Yselia López, presenta un estimulante análisis del debate en torno a
la praxis educativa desde la perspectiva de la pedagogía y didáctica crítica. Sus planteamientos subrayan la
imperante necesidad de una reflexión crítica sobre las prácticas docentes universitarias, alineándolas con la
visión, innovación y soluciones requeridas para abordar los desafíos educativos contemporáneos. De la misma
manera, desde su ensayo López defiende una pedagogía crítica que sea participativa, intercultural, pro-igual,
equitativa e incluyente, fundamentada en la teoría crítica, y que prepare a los estudiantes para afrontar los
retos de la sociedad actual.
El ensayo de los estudiantes de doctorado Dustin y Zuly titulado “Formación Permanente del Docente para
la Inclusión Educativa basada en la Enseñanza por Competencia" examina cómo la sociedad contemporánea
redefine la educación y la formación continua de docentes, subrayando la importancia de la inclusión y la
metodología basada en competencias. El trabajo destaca la necesidad de capacitar a los educadores para
impulsar una educación inclusiva, proponiendo cambios significativos y estrategias de alta calidad. Además,
resalta la estrecha relación entre la formación inclusiva y la enseñanza basada en competencias, enfatizando
cambios profundos y un compromiso con la excelencia educativa. Este enfoque integral busca fortalecer la
enseñanza y adaptarse a diversas perspectivas y tendencias educativas.
En el cierre de este número, el Dr. Gregth Hernández nos guía a través de un ensayo que explora la Música,
filosofía y transcomplejidad como una amalgama entre el hombre, la melodía, el pensamiento y la realidad.
Destacando la conexión entre música y pensamiento, Hernández reflexiona sobre su función como formas de
arte que buscan equilibrio entre ciencia, arte, lógica y emoción. Aborda la necesidad humana de mantener
una visión integral y trascendental, especialmente en la era de la transcomplejidad. El ensayo revela cómo la
música actúa como precursora de la transcomplejidad, planteando preguntas sobre su papel como código
transcomplejo y su relación intrínseca con la filosofía. Propone un recorrido entre música y filosofía como
medio para superar fronteras clásicas y construir nuevas representaciones en la resignificación de la realidad.
Esperamos los trabajos que conforman el presente número sean del agrado de todos nuestros lectores
Dr. Omar Escalona Vivas
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-0339
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
20
Editorial
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 2024
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Content
Editorial Board / Comité editorial...........................................................................................................................................9-11
Indexing / Indexaciones...........................................................................................................................................................12-16
Editorial / Editorial......................................................................................................................................................................17-20
Reserach Articles / Artículo de Investigación ....................................................................................................25-60
Virtual postgraduate on research paradigms: a cuban experience in times of pandemic..........25-41
Postgrado virtual sobre paradigmas de investigación: una experiencia cubana en tiempos de pandemia
Ph. D Rosa María Medina Borges and Ph. D. Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
The emotional intelligence of teachers for the learning of biology in university students...................43-60
La inteligencia emocional de los docentes para el aprendizaje de la biología en los estudiantes universitarios
Ph. D Savier Fernando Acosta Faneite
Review Articles............................................................................................................................................................59-130
Doctoral research: narrative, an intellectual elaboration nuanced by interdisciplinarity and
complexity..................................................................................................................................................................63-85
La investigación doctoral: la narrativa una elaboración intelectiva matizada por la interdisciplinariedad
y la complejidad
Ph. D Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
Exploring the relationship between educational involvement and school performance at
the early education level.........................................................................................................................................87-98
Explorando la relación entre la participación educativa y el rendimiento escolar en el nivel de educación inicial
Espec. Sandra Milena Hincapi Bernal, Esp. Estela Maldonado Duran y Espec. Edni Rosalba Belisario
Empowering Secondary and High School Basic Education: Emotional Intelligence Development Strategies
in the Classroom.......................................................................................................................................................................99-113
Potenciando la Educación Básica Secundaria y Media: Estrategias de desarrollo de inteligencia
emocional en el aula
M. Sc. Alix Rocio Duarte, M. Sc. Suescún and M. Sc. César Augusto Barajas Mendoza
Transformative Leadership: Key to Success in Education............................................................................115-128
Liderazgo Transformacional: Clave del Éxito en Educación
Ph. D. Freddy Martin Duarte Ramírez and M. Sc. Jhon Enrique Bohorquez López
21
Content
Relationship between vocational guidance and multiple intelligences: an inseparable
scientific perspective............................................................................................................................................129-140
Relación entre orientación vocacional e inteligencias múltiples: una perspectiva científica inseparable
M. Sc. Carlos Andrés Vesga Galvis, M. Sc. Katherine Johana Ramírez Jiménez and M. Sc. Edilsa Flórez Zambrano
Essays / Ensayos.....................................................................................................................................................131-160
The Legal Framework of the educational system: Foundations and Hierarchy.....................................143-150
El Ordenamiento Jurídico del sistema educativo: Fundamentos y Jerarquía
Maestrante, Digna Estefanía Julio Valencia
Educational praxis from pedagogy and critical didactics............................................................................151-157
Praxis educativa desde la pedagogía y didáctica crítica
M.Sc. Yselia Yeniree López Galvis
Ongoing teacher training for educational inclusion based on competency-based teaching.............159-171
Formación permanente del docente para una inclusión educativa basado en la enseñanza por competencia
M. Sc. Dustin Martínez Mora and M. Sc. Zuly Yobana Ramírez García
Music, philosoph and transcomplexity: a conjunction between man, melody, thought, and reality........173-180
Música, filosofía y transcomplejidad: una conjunción entre hombre, melodía, pensamiento y realidad
Ph. D. Gregth Raynell Hernández Buenaño
Magazine Editorial Policy…..................................................................................................................................181-182
Política Editorial de la Revista
Procedure Followed in the Reception, Selection, and Evaluation of Originals…...................................183-184
Procedimiento Seguido en la Recepción, Selección y Evaluación de Originales
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
22
Content
Research Articles
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 23-58
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
23
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 25-41
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
25
Virtual Postgraduate on Research
Paradigms: a cuban experience
in times of pandemic
Postgrado virtual sobre paradigmas de
investigación: una experiencia cubana
en tiempos de pandemia
Rosa María Medina Borges*
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3592-1745
Santiago de Cuba, La Habana / Cuba
Dianelys Hernández Chisholm**
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7482-1907
Santiago de Cuba, La Habana / Cuba
* Ph. D. in Pedagogical Sciences. Master in Contemporary History. Postdoctorate in Social Sciences, Child-
hood, and Youth. University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Cuba. Email: rosimedina2002@gmail.com
** Ph. D. in Medical Education Sciences. University of Medical Sciences of Havana, Cuba. Email: diachis-
holm@infomed.sld.cu
Received: May/12/2023 Reviewed: May/25/2023 Accepted: July/21/2023 Published: January/10/2024
How to quote: Medina, B. R. M. & Hernández, C. D. (2024). Virtual Postgraduate Course on Research
Paradigms: a cuban experience in times of pandemic. Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado,
5(9), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.59654/ayrx4j46
https://doi.org/10.59654/ayrx4j46
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
26
Rosa María Medina Borges and Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
Abstract
The article aims to assess the relevance of the postgraduate course on research paradigms in
times of Covid 19, carried out at the Medical University of Havana between May-July 2021. From
a qualitative approach, the emergencies that led to the design of the postgraduate course were
systematized. from virtuality. The interweaving of positions and approaches of numerous authors
about the events related to the aforementioned disease is addressed, as well as the awareness
of the need to rethink the research paradigms in the face of the global health emergency. The
validity of the experience allows its continuity and improvement.
Keywords:
research paradigms, science, education, virtuality, pandemic.
Resumen
El artículo se propone valorar la pertinencia del postgrado sobre paradigmas de investigación
en tiempos de la Covid 19, realizado en la Universidad Médica de la Habana entre mayo-julio
del 2021. Desde un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, se sistematizaron las urgencias que con-
llevaron al diseño del postgrado desde la virtualidad. Se aborda el entretejido de posiciones y
enfoques de numerosos(as) autores(as) acerca de los acontecimientos vinculados a la mencio-
nada enfermedad, así como la toma de conciencia sobre la necesidad de repensar los para-
digmas investigativos ante la emergencia sanitaria global. La validez de la experiencia permite
su continuidad y mejoramiento.
Palabras clave:
paradigmas de investigación, ciencia, educación de postgrado, virtualidad, pandemia.
Introduction
A coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, of beautiful and extravagant appearance, burst onto the
scene in 2020 to steal the spotlight of planetary life. As if all the problems of the globalized
world were summed up in it (
Medina, 2021a). In the opinion of Maldonado (2021a), the pande-
mic crisis once again made it evident that there are unforeseen phenomena in health matters,
and these cannot and should not be neglected. Covid-19 took everyone by surprise; not even
the best scientists in the world saw it coming. Neither were there, at first, vaccines or definitive
solutions for the global health crisis that had occurred.
Such events once again put at the center of debates the issue related to the validity of scientific
paradigms. This matter is of vital importance for research (in the search for drugs and techno-
logies for the treatment of symptoms and sequelae of the disease). By then, the debate on pa-
radigms permeated all spheres of social life, particularly education (in its pedagogical and
didactic dimensions).
There were many questions in a short time: How prepared were we, the medical university tea-
chers, to understand the pandemic crisis from the sciences? How to prepare ourselves in record
Virtual Postgraduate Course on Research Paradigms:
a cuban experience in times of pandemic
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 25-41
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
27
time to research and publish from the respective areas of knowledge? How to assume the im-
pacts generated and continue the formative processes from virtuality?
The article presents the proposal for a virtual postgraduate course on the need to rethink re-
search paradigms in the face of new emerging realities resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic.
An evaluative analysis is made of the technological supports available for its teaching, the con-
tents addressed, the main didactic and scientific proposals made by the participating teachers
in its first edition. A final feedback is provided. The experience took place at the University of
Medical Sciences of Havana (UCMH), in its Faculty of Health Technology (FATESA).
Cuban medical education occupies a leading place in the Latin American continent as it trains
Cuban professionals and those of other nationalities to practice social medicine, through training
in various higher health technicians and more than ten university degrees (medicine, stomato-
logy, nursing, physical therapy and rehabilitation, hygiene and epidemiology, health information
systems, among others).
Cuban medical education is recognized for applying the guiding principle of education in work
and for work, during the student stage, and with the provision of health services within Cuba
and internationally. Due to the variety of specialties offered, it is institutionalized in 13 faculties,
and the teaching staff is in turn very heterogeneous in terms of specialties and academic trai-
ning.
It is important to highlight that at the time of delivering the postgraduate course, the teachers
were with the students, conducting active searches for the prevention and detection of Covid-
19 cases and teaching virtual classes. The times and spaces, the formats and dynamics, the do-
mestic and the institutional, the data and experiences, the public and the private; all strained
the field of medical education.
This particular labor characteristic influenced, along with technological limitations, the lack of
informational literacy of part of the faculty (aged moreover) and the limited dissemination that
could be done to postgraduate studies, so that only 12 of the 25 available places were covered.
From a qualitative point of view, it can be considered that the course's realization was optimal
and enriching since the enrolled teachers, male and female, are all scientific leaders who have
academic degrees of doctorate or master's. They also hold responsibilities such as: (a) head of
the postgraduate department and methodologists of the same, (b) head of the English depart-
ment for specific purposes, (c) teachers of the careers: health information systems, health reha-
bilitation, hygiene and epidemiology, and pharmacology.
The methodological design and pedagogical strategy for the postgraduate implementation
began with an interdisciplinary effort to articulate problems studied by different areas of
knowledge: research methodology, critical epidemiology, international health, and social
problems of science and technology (PSCT).
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
28
Rosa María Medina Borges and Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
Some features of virtuality at the University of Medical Sciences of Havana
(UCMH) during the pandemic
The first reactions of Cuban university institutions to the sanitary measures dictated by international
organizations and applied by the government, were not much different from those experienced
in other latitudes and were, as expected, contingency. Rapid curricular adjustments were requested
for virtual proposals, in order to take full advantage of the available technological support.
Amid such unprecedented circumstances, it was necessary to become more dynamically aware
of the need to do science and rethink how to focus research in new contexts. Something that
Puiggrós (2021) calls for when questioning teachers about the imperative to articulate new inter-
weaving’s and enunciations between the terms: contingency - experience - inheritance – creation,
in current pedagogical and scientific debates.
As pointed out by
Coicaud, Martinelli & Rozenhauz (2021), working in virtuality requires recurrent
updating, demanding clear policies and decisions, because universities do not change without
the commitment of teachers, nor these without the institutions. Their appropriation to transform
teaching is a process that takes time. However, we believe that crises can generate and motivate
growth opportunities both institutionally and personally. Goals that are prolonged over time so-
metimes dissolve, while they can gain strength and astonishing momentum in urgent moments.
Once the most critical stage of the pandemic has been "overcome," in times of recovery or pre-
sumably post-pandemic, it is imperative to systematize applied experiences to signify how much
of what has been done acquires connotation to be normalized in pedagogical practices.
Both at the postgraduate and undergraduate levels, this jolt that we still live outlines the imperative
not only to train in the subjects we teach but to seek dialogues of knowledge through interdisci-
plinary and even transdisciplinarity. On the other hand, to rid ourselves of the reproduction of in-
formation, boring classes, and innovate more effective methodologies but always connected with
the purposes and the educational context in which we act. Publishing to interconnect also becomes
an unpostponable habit.
Cuban medical education takes place in a country blocked by the US government for over 60
years. Simply put, this means being subject to a cluttered legal framework that has extraterritorial
character and affects all of Cuba's economic and commercial relations on the international stage
(which can be cataloged as the longest and most enduring economic war since the post-war pe-
riod). The blockade also affects multidimensionality all social spheres (access to ICTs, in the ideo-
logical-cultural: feeling of a besieged square, among others).
The access of education in general, and medical education in particular, to the use of ICTs for edu-
cational purposes, is still limited. In the last five years, state investments have been made in the
telecommunications branch, and capacity has been increased to provide services. Despite the ef-
forts of the Cuban state to expand connectivity and computerization of Cuban society, it is still far
Virtual Postgraduate Course on Research Paradigms:
a cuban experience in times of pandemic
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 25-41
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
29
below what is aspired to and needed. In Cuba, connecting to the internet from mobile phones is
still expensive, although with a sustained trend towards price reduction. Students and teachers
have 2G, 3G or 4G depending on the availability of phones, which are mainly imported by travelers
or relatives (sometimes used). The internal retail market for computer and mobile phone equip-
ment is very limited.
Given this situation, it can be affirmed that, through face-to-face modality, it is unlikely to use the
internet sustainably and in real-time in all the dozens of educational scenarios of medical educa-
tion, as the university is located not only in the faculties but in numerous accredited formative
spaces for it: hospitals, polyclinics, medical offices (among other health institutions).
For certain prioritized disciplines, the goal is to intentionally ensure such access through the dis-
tribution and use of the institutional technological base, with criteria of rationality and efficiency.
In remote or virtual modalities, there is not, for the most part, an access option or the technological
support to transmit - in real-time or synchronously - video conferences or online workshops; using
ZOOM or other platforms. The asynchronous use of the Virtual Health Classroom (AVS) predo-
minates, as part of the Virtual University of Health (UVS).
The UVS of Cuba was created in 2001 (
Zacca, Diego & López, 2008), and its AVS is supported
on the Moodle platform. The contingency arising from the epidemiological situation allowed
its expansion and encouraged its use not only for postgraduate activities but also for under-
graduate ones.
The didactic resources for the design and implementation of virtual courses are concentrated in
the following didactic units: a general guiding guide for the course in question, with the design of
activities to be developed by the students (both self-control and evaluative tasks to be delivered
and their corresponding schedule) and the general available bibliography. Each topic includes a
folder containing: a specific guiding guide, bibliography (both basic and supplementary); as well
as the conferences (in PowerPoint or in PDF format).
A general course forum is usually designed, as well as evaluative or non-evaluative forums for
each topic; that allow interaction (asynchronous) between teachers and students. The teachers,
who are participating in virtual education for the first time, design the courses and simultaneously
train in the mastery of the Moodle 3.0 platform. There are other available resources that are still
pending use due to limited available technological capacity, and/or because they require conti-
nuous learning processes on the part of teachers and students.
Program designProgram design
The course on rethinking research paradigms in the face of new realities focuses on the logic of
research (conceiving it as a higher moment in research methodology). In its program, it is clarified
that it does not constitute a basic methodology course, as it is considered that the students have
already overcome this level of preparation for research. It includes unusual critical exercises in
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
30
Rosa María Medina Borges and Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
postgraduate health studies, referring to the approach of different research paradigms, current
methodological debates; and the reconsideration in the face of the new circumstances that the
world in general, and health processes, in particular, are experiencing in the current scenario.
It is conceived as a space for updating on new perspectives in health-related research. It also
emphasizes that each student should exemplify, from their specialty and in dialogue with others,
possible problems that can be researched with new interwoven perspectives by the participants.
The proposal for the postgraduate program is structured around three themes:
Theme 1, Scientific Research and Paradigms, consists of three lectures. In the first, rather than
providing concepts, opinions of various authors are articulated about the main paradigms: a)
positivist or quantum, b) qualitative, c) critical, and d) complexity. Among them are highlighted:
Almeida (1992, 2007), Melero (2012), Colmenares (2012), Sequera (2014), Breilh (2015), Torres
(2015)
, Maldonado (2016), Basile (2020). The main conclusion that is reached rests on the non-
obligation to adopt a paradigm in an absolute way, but its use must respond to the research
topic and the scientific problems to be solved, for which the understanding of the need for mixed
methodologies is suggested (
Muñoz, 2013; Núñez, 2017).
In the second and third conference of topic 1, we reflect upon the following axes of debate and
authors:
The relevance of
Morin's idea (1984) about how the enormous mass of quantifiable and
technically usable knowledge is nothing but poison if deprived of the liberating force of
reflection.
Science and the production of scientific knowledge are changing, and this shows that
the identity crisis of contemporary science is a crisis of growth, a new mode of producing
and legitimizing knowledge and technology (
Morin & Delgado, 2017).
The discovery of the essential components of a complex process doesn't arise from a
simple accumulation of data. An excess of irrelevant and disconnected data often takes
the form of ignorance. The search for essences is an act of intuition and creativity. The
proposals that stem from this will be validated later (or not) by new concrete experiences
(
Lage, 2018).
More often, natural sciences, engineering, social sciences, and humanities collaborate
to address important complex problems (
Estévez, 2019).
The absence of a common language between "natural sciences" and "human sciences"
makes it difficult to achieve internal coherence that would allow both to not mutually
dismiss each other. The division between these disciplines isn't inherent to science itself
or the humanities, but rather created by those who practice it (
Zamora, 2019).
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 25-41
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
31
Virtual Postgraduate Course on Research Paradigms:
a cuban experience in times of pandemic
Reinterpreting Kuhn (1971), it can be affirmed that scientists work based on models ac-
quired through education and subsequent exposure in scientific literature, often without
fully understanding or needing to understand the characteristics that have granted these
models their paradigm status in the community. This could explain the non-obligatory
nature of routinely following all procedures of each paradigm, and furthermore, the co-
herence displayed by the research tradition they participate in might not even imply the
existence of a basic set of inviolable rules (
Medina, 2021a).
Constant return to research praxis is necessary because the role of the human compo-
nent is decisive. The need for scientific leadership, researcher motivation, and commit-
ment are essential. Without these, no possible change or adoption of new paradigms
can occur, which ultimately materialize into modes of professional action (
Medina, 2021a).
In Topic 2, Scientific Research and Methodological Designs, the relationships between metho-
dological design and research logic are explained, seeking plural views on a subject in open
discussion, but not for that reason avoidable. Among the main authors to be studied in Topic
2 are:
Cascante (2011), Corona (2017), Piovani & Muñiz (2018), Cornejo & Rufer (2020).
In Conference 1 of Topic 2, in the face of so many definitions about science, it is summarized
that it is an intentional activity structured to produce new, pertinent, and socially significant
knowledge. The main focus is not on the methods or the instruments with which reality is ex-
plored, but on the logic with which it is conceived to approach the problem to be studied.
Rather than talking about methodology, one should talk about the logic of research, as the de-
sign must function as a flexible, dynamic system; where all the components and parts of the
process, and their results (presented in the final report) are interconnected horizontally. This
should ensure clarity, articulation, and scientific solidity. The importance of the scientist's creativity
and ability to formulate good questions is also emphasized, which can be learned through many
hours of study and research with successive approximations of what has already been formu-
lated. In addition, one must train in the exercise of choosing and evaluating.
Conference 2 of Topic 2 proposes to characterize the methodology of horizontality, as part of
the emerging methodological approaches being developed in the world. It insists on banishing
the fear of diversity in methods and techniques, as the traditional idea of seeing it as a weakness
can be its distinctive quality. Such a stance contributes not only to dialogue among researchers
but also to building encounters with all those involved in the problems being investigated. It
also opens a door to discursive equity and the autonomy of plural voices, born from bringing
together various disciplines embodied in groups that surpass interdisciplinary intentions and
can define what must be built with knowledge (including non-academic knowledge).
In Conference 3 of the aforementioned topic, the idea is further deepened when the link bet-
ween horizontality, mixed methods, and reflexivity is unfolded. Initially, a historical-logical ap-
proach is taken to three essential moments in the discursive construction of methodological
debates: the quantitative consensus in social sciences of the first half of the 20th century, through
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
32
Rosa María Medina Borges and Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
methodological triangulation and quanti-quali combinations (predominant since approximately
the 1960s of the last century), to debates on triangulation and articulation of mixed methods
(in the 1990s).
On the other hand, it is clarified that mixed design is not reduced to uniting the results obtained
through dissimilar paths but requires integration at all stages of the research: (a) design, (b) ma-
terial creation, (c) participant recruitment, (d) data collection, and (e) own analysis. Mixed methods
are not inherently more or less valid than each specific research approach. Validity rests more on
the suitability, comprehensiveness, and effectiveness with which these methods are applied. An
open question for the next topic is what enigmas permeate the debates in pandemic times.
Topic 3. Contexts and Dilemmas of Scientific Development in the World and Cuba, in Pandemic
Times; focuses its analysis on the multidimensional context of the global crisis in which the pan-
demic emerges, the impacts, and urgencies that this health catastrophe imposed on the field
of health services and research, as well as medical training. It also accounts for the scientific ad-
vances experienced in the period. Among the authors dialoguing are:
Maldonado (2021b), Mar-
tínez (2021), and Machado (2020).
The mentioned topic has 2 conferences and focuses its view (among others) on the following axes:
The pandemic of the new coronavirus can be classified as unprecedented. It has gene-
rated a state of global alert (
Breno & Geoffrey, 2020).
The current emergency is not only a health crisis. It is what social sciences qualify as a
total social fact, in the sense that it transforms the whole of social relations, and shocks
the entirety of actors, institutions, and values (
Ramonet, 2020).
In its global reach, Covid-19 represents an unprecedented situation for the world.
Diseases of the utmost severity, such as Ebola, did not receive as much global and
media interest, as they were confined to a forgotten continent like Africa (
Medina,
2021b
).
Intellectual, academic, and political debates oscillate between corona-optimism and co-
rona-pessimism (
De Sousa, 2020).
The growth of open science networks, publications, research, and the record time achie-
vement of vaccines to immunize against Sarcov-2 have been great feats. Meanwhile,
the unequal distribution of vaccines, the commercialization of drugs, and the health po-
licies of most governments, have evidenced inefficiencies (
Basile and Feo, 2021).
Cuba is the only Third World country with five vaccines, and such high levels of immu-
nization. Cuban biotechnology has also produced various drugs for the symptoms of
the disease (
Medina, 2021a).
Virtual Postgraduate Course on Research Paradigms:
a cuban experience in times of pandemic
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 25-41
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
33
During the three topics, participants can contribute their experiences and opinions through
three debate forums and a final integrative workshop; the most significant contributions are
compiled below, as well as the criteria expressed in the feedback of the first edition carried out
from May to July 2021.
Program design
The course on rethinking research paradigms in the face of new realities focuses on the logic
of research (conceiving it as a higher moment in research methodology). In its program, it is
clarified that it does not constitute a basic methodology course, as it is considered that the stu-
dents have already overcome this level of preparation for research. It includes unusual critical
exercises in postgraduate health studies, referring to the approach of different research para-
digms, current methodological debates; and the reconsideration in the face of the new circums-
tances that the world in general, and health processes, in particular, are experiencing in the
current scenario.
It is conceived as a space for updating on new perspectives in health-related research. It also
emphasizes that each student should exemplify, from their specialty and in dialogue with others,
possible problems that can be researched with new interwoven perspectives by the participants.
The proposal for the postgraduate program is structured around three themes:
Theme 1,
Scientific Research and Paradigms, consists of three lectures. In the first, rather than
providing concepts, opinions of various authors are articulated about the main paradigms: a)
positivist or quantum, b) qualitative, c) critical, and d) complexity. Among them are highlighted:
Almeida (1992, 2007), Melero (2012), Colmenares (2012), Sequera (2014), Breilh (2015), Torres
(2015), Maldonado (2016), Basile (2020). The main conclusion that is reached rests on the non-
obligation to adopt a paradigm in an absolute way, but its use must respond to the research
topic and the scientific problems to be solved, for which the understanding of the need for mixed
methodologies is suggested (
Muñoz, 2013; Núñez, 2017).
In the second and third conference of topic 1, we reflect upon the following axes of debate and
authors:
The relevance of
Morin's idea (1984) about how the enormous mass of quantifiable and techni-
cally usable knowledge is nothing but poison if deprived of the liberating force of reflection.
Science and the production of scientific knowledge are changing, and this shows that the
identity crisis of contemporary science is a crisis of growth, a new mode of producing
and legitimizing knowledge and technology (
Morin & Delgado; 2017).
The discovery of the essential components of a complex process doesn't arise from a sim-
ple accumulation of data. An excess of irrelevant and disconnected data often takes the
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
34
Rosa María Medina Borges and Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
form of ignorance. The search for essences is an act of intuition and creativity. The proposals
that stem from this will be validated later (or not) by new concrete experiences (
Lage, 2018).
More often, natural sciences, engineering, social sciences, and humanities collaborate to
address important complex problems (
Estévez, 2019).
The absence of a common language between "natural sciences" and "human sciences"
makes it difficult to achieve internal coherence that would allow both to not mutually dis-
miss each other. The division between these disciplines isn't inherent to science itself or
the humanities, but rather created by those who practice it (
Zamora, 2019).
Reinterpreting
Kuhn (1971), it can be affirmed that scientists work based on models ac-
quired through education and subsequent exposure in scientific literature, often without
fully understanding or needing to understand the characteristics that have granted these
models their paradigm status in the community. This could explain the non-obligatory
nature of routinely following all procedures of each paradigm, and furthermore, the co-
herence displayed by the research tradition they participate in might not even imply the
existence of a basic set of inviolable rules (
Medina, 2021a).
Constant return to research praxis is necessary because the role of the human component
is decisive. The need for scientific leadership, researcher motivation, and commitment are
essential. Without these, no possible change or adoption of new paradigms can occur,
which ultimately materialize into modes of professional action (
Medina, 2021a).
In Topic 2, Scientific Research and Methodological Designs, the relationships between methodo-
logical design and research logic are explained, seeking plural views on a subject in open dis-
cussion, but not for that reason avoidable. Among the main authors to be studied in Topic 2 are:
Cascante (2011), Corona (2017), Piovani & Muñiz (2018), Cornejo & Rufer (2020).
In Conference 1 of Topic 2, in the face of so many definitions about science, it is summarized that
it is an intentional activity structured to produce new, pertinent, and socially significant knowledge.
The main focus is not on the methods or the instruments with which reality is explored, but on
the logic with which it is conceived to approach the problem to be studied. Rather than talking
about methodology, one should talk about the logic of research, as the design must function as
a flexible, dynamic system; where all the components and parts of the process, and their results
(presented in the final report) are interconnected horizontally. This should ensure clarity, articu-
lation, and scientific solidity. The importance of the scientist's creativity and ability to formulate
good questions is also emphasized, which can be learned through many hours of study and re-
search with successive approximations of what has already been formulated. In addition, one
must train in the exercise of choosing and evaluating.
Conference 2 of Topic 2 proposes to characterize the methodology of horizontality, as part of
the emerging methodological approaches being developed in the world. It insists on banishing
Virtual Postgraduate Course on Research Paradigms:
a cuban experience in times of pandemic
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 25-41
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
35
the fear of diversity in methods and techniques, as the traditional idea of seeing it as a weakness
can be its distinctive quality. Such a stance contributes not only to dialogue among researchers
but also to building encounters with all those involved in the problems being investigated. It also
opens a door to discursive equity and the autonomy of plural voices, born from bringing together
various disciplines embodied in groups that surpass interdisciplinary intentions and can define
what must be built with knowledge (including non-academic knowledge).
In Conference 3 of the aforementioned topic, the idea is further deepened when the link bet-
ween horizontality, mixed methods, and reflexivity is unfolded. Initially, a historical-logical ap-
proach is taken to three essential moments in the discursive construction of methodological
debates: the quantitative consensus in social sciences of the first half of the 20th century, through
methodological triangulation and quanti-quali combinations (predominant since approximately
the 1960s of the last century), to debates on triangulation and articulation of mixed methods
(in the 1990s).
On the other hand, it is clarified that mixed design is not reduced to uniting the results obtained
through dissimilar paths but requires integration at all stages of the research: (a) design, (b) ma-
terial creation, (c) participant recruitment, (d) data collection, and (e) own analysis. Mixed met-
hods are not inherently more or less valid than each specific research approach. Validity rests
more on the suitability, comprehensiveness, and effectiveness with which these methods are
applied. An open question for the next topic is what enigmas permeate the debates in pandemic
times.
Topic 3. Contexts and Dilemmas of Scientific Development in the World and Cuba, in Pandemic
Times; focuses its analysis on the multidimensional context of the global crisis in which the pan-
demic emerges, the impacts, and urgencies that this health catastrophe imposed on the field of
health services and research, as well as medical training. It also accounts for the scientific advances
experienced in the period. Among the authors dialoguing are:
Maldonado (2021b), Martínez
(2021), and Machado (2020)
.
The mentioned topic has 2 conferences and focuses its view (among others) on the following
axes:
The pandemic of the new coronavirus can be classified as unprecedented. It has gene-
rated a state of global alert (
Breno & Geoffrey, 2020).
The current emergency is not only a health crisis. It is what social sciences qualify as a
total social fact, in the sense that it transforms the whole of social relations, and shocks
the entirety of actors, institutions, and values (
Ramonet, 2020).
In its global reach, Covid-19 represents an unprecedented situation for the world. Diseases
of the utmost severity, such as Ebola, did not receive as much global and media interest,
as they were confined to a forgotten continent like Africa (
Medina, 2021b).
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
36
Rosa María Medina Borges and Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
Intellectual, academic, and political debates oscillate between corona-optimism and co-
rona-pessimism (
De Sousa, 2020).
The growth of open science networks, publications, research, and the record time achie-
vement of vaccines to immunize against Sarcov-2 have been great feats. Meanwhile, the
unequal distribution of vaccines, the commercialization of drugs, and the health policies
of most governments, have evidenced inefficiencies (
Basile & Feo, 2021).
Cuba is the only Third World country with five vaccines, and such high levels of immuni-
zation. Cuban biotechnology has also produced various drugs for the symptoms of the
disease (
Medina, 2021a).
During the three topics, participants can contribute their experiences and opinions through three
debate forums and a final integrative workshop; the most significant contributions are compiled
below, as well as the criteria expressed in the feedback of the first edition carried out from May
to July 2021.
Experiences in postgraduate teaching
The first debate forum asked participants to respond to the following statement: Evaluate the
importance of deepening your understanding of research paradigms for your training. We high-
light some of the main ideas below:
I am very interested in the approach of studying various paradigms to update myself and
write articles and papers for events, where not only numbers are handled but also expe-
riences, narratives; which is not very common in medical sciences.
The Health Information Systems (SIS) career has three profiles. In the first, related to statistical
systems (SIE), statistics predominate, but in scientific information and health librarianship,
qualitative assessments and criteria are essential. In Informatics, the combination of both
paradigms would be exciting. This postgraduate opens new ways to work in our career.
Mastery of research methodology is vital for efficient project development and publication.
In the specialty of Hygiene and Epidemiology, quantitative paradigms have long predo-
minated. But with this course and other knowledge, we are learning that, along with sta-
tistics, it is necessary to deepen the qualitative analysis of health processes. And we must
move towards mastery of methods and techniques more tailored to complex dynamics
like the pandemic.
I consider the critical paradigm important in health and pedagogical sciences, considering
that the critical approach is characterized not only by investigating, obtaining data, and
understanding the reality in which the research is inserted but by provoking social trans-
formations in the contexts in which it intervenes.
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In forum 2, it was asked: Illustrate the usefulness of horizontal methodology, and mixed methods,
in your specific field of research:
I had never deeply questioned the importance of involving students in our research, from
an active role. And understanding that horizontality can also be used in medical education
research is a broad field for conducting research with new approaches. And I think all this
also points to interdisciplinary between health sciences and social sciences, as these more
qualitative methods have been developed from the field of the latter.
Through the lectures on the second topic and consulting the book on Horizontal Research,
we have learned that peer research allows the participants' perspective. Sometimes we
apply surveys or other instruments, and we do not thoroughly prepare the subjects who
participate, and they do not even understand well what the research is about.
I find the use of methodology and mixed methods in the care area interesting, considering
that one of their uses is research in health services, which aims to obtain valid and reliable
information to make decisions on how to efficiently and acceptably organize health
systems, with the main concern being the quality of care provided to the population.
In forum 3, it was asked: What is the usefulness of reflexivity as an approach, for conducting re-
search in your professional field?
Health rehabilitation is related to secondary prevention. It means that the sick individual
is known, and new complications are prevented. Reflexivity is the action of problematizing
the function of the researcher. In this case, the social conditions surrounding the individual
and their lifestyle must also be considered to influence their recovery. The health conditions
in which the patient is found are multifactorial, so they do not respond to a universal pat-
tern; their identification must be individualized.
Reflexivity is vital in database research and countless statistical processing through ICTs. Like
the topics related to Cyber security, regulations and ethical norms in the use of information,
and other phenomena transversed by social mechanisms such as the use of digital networks.
The power of statistical data is overemphasized, both in health research and in educational
research. In the latter, the individuality of the student is quite forgotten, and the results are
overly standardized, considering that they can be mechanically applied to other contexts.
I find this very useful, for example, for the subject Quality of Information, where the integrity,
truthfulness, and traceability of health information must be assessed.
The mixed approach and reflexivity in pharmacological studies offer advantages by having
a variety of observations derived from different sources, types of data, and contexts. It
produces richer information, allowing research to be more interpretive concerning the dif-
ferent individual reactions to various drugs under study.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
38
Rosa María Medina Borges and Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
The final integrative workshop asked that, based on the professional and investigative scope,
they exemplify how they would apply the elements studied in the three topics. The proposals
were somewhat general still. They focused more on integrating the utility of the contents ad-
dressed throughout the postgraduate course and on becoming aware of the displacement of
enunciation during future research processes. As well as highlighting the creativity of the pos-
tgraduate as a theoretical effort that not only cited authors but approached thinkers who arti-
culate paradigm shifts, as confluences and disagreements.
Also, the possibility of learning about mixed methodological designs was highly valued, and in-
tertwining opinions from the different professional knowledge gathered in the first virtual pos-
tgraduate on research paradigms, carried out at the Faculty of Health Technology, UCMH.
Everyone asked that learning continue through advice or new postgraduates, which is already
being done through tutoring new research works, advice for publications, and planning the se-
cond edition of the postgraduate course.
Finally, it should be noted that the course's closing coincided with the most severe moment
of the pandemic in Cuba. The following opinion from one of the participants expresses this:
The topics debated in the forums were extremely interesting, and we, the participants, must
propose from our areas of action that another version be carried out in which at least the
heads of our faculty departments participate, so that they can multiply experiences and know-
ledge. Take care to keep doing and be able to tell the story when this tough moment passes.
Conclusions
The postgraduate program of rethinking research paradigms in the face of new realities was a pro-
posal put forth during times of contingency, aiming to provide educators at UCMH, under con-
ditions of social distancing, with: a) novel methodological resources for understanding the causes
of the epidemiological emergency from a scientific standpoint, b) encouragement to carry out
research and publications in a more dynamic manner than usual, given the warranted situation.
The writing of this current article has allowed us to delve into what has been achieved, in
order to be certain that beyond the eventualities that occurred, this experience is valid
and allows for its continuity and improvement. In the upcoming second edition of the pos-
tgraduate program, the bibliography should be updated with new publications on the be-
havior of SARS-CoV-2, as well as rethinking certain didactic activities and enhancing
dissemination, since the expansion of virtuality is one of the positive gains that the pan-
demic has left us
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The emotional intelligence of teachers
for the learning of biology
in university students
La inteligencia emocional de los docentes para el
aprendizaje de la biología en los
estudiantes universitarios
Savier Fernando, Acosta Faneite
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2719-9163
Maracaibo, Zulia State / Venezuela
.
How to quote: Acosta, F. S. F. (2024). The emotional intelligence of teachers for the learning of bio-
logy in university students. Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 43-60.
https://doi.org/10.59654/yebqpn54
Received: May/10/2023 Reviewed: May/23/2023 Approved: July/23/2023 Published: January/10/2024
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 43-60
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
https://doi.org/10.59654/yebqpn54
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
44
Savier Fernando Acosta Faneite
Abstract
Emotional intelligence is the ability of an individual to recognize their own emotions and those
of others; this capacity enables them to identify feelings, guide thinking, and adapt their behavior
to the environment appropriately. The aim of this research was to analyze the emotional inte-
lligence of teachers in relation to the biology learning of university students at the University of
Zulia. The employed methodology was quantitative, descriptive in nature, and with a non-ex-
perimental and cross-sectional design. The studied population consisted of 5 teachers and 38
students, who were administered a digital questionnaire containing information about the va-
riables under study. Reliability was determined through Cronbach's Alpha, resulting in a value
of 0.964. For data processing, SPSS 27 was used. The results indicate that teachers exhibit de-
ficiencies in the components of emotional intelligence. Additionally, learning styles based on
the modulating agent in students show a similar inefficiency, reflecting a weakness in this area.
It is concluded that the emotional intelligence of teachers in the context of biology learning is
insufficient. Therefore, it is recommended that educators strengthen these skills to enhance tea-
ching and learning in their students..
Keyword:
emotional competencies, emotional education, emotional intelligence, emotional tea-
cher, types of learning.
Resumen
La inteligencia emocional es la habilidad del individuo para reconocer sus propias emociones
y las de otras personas; esta capacidad le permite identificar sentimientos, orientar el pensa-
miento y adaptar su conducta al entorno de manera adecuada. El objetivo de esta investigación
fue analizar la inteligencia emocional de los docentes en relación con el aprendizaje de biología
de los estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad del Zulia. La metodología empleada fue
cuantitativa, de tipo descriptiva y con un diseño no experimental y transversal. La población
estudiada estuvo constituida por 5 profesores y 38 alumnos, a quienes se les aplicó un cues-
tionario digital con información sobre las variables en estudio. La confiabilidad se determinó a
través del Alfa de Cronbach, resultando en un valor de 0,964. Para el procesamiento de los
datos, se utilizó el programa SPSS 27.Los resultados indican que los docentes presentan defi-
ciencias en los componentes de la inteligencia emocional. Además, los estilos de aprendizaje
según el agente modulador en los estudiantes muestran una similar ineficiencia, denotando
una debilidad en esta área. Se concluye que la inteligencia emocional de los docentes en el
contexto del aprendizaje de biología es insuficiente. Por lo tanto, se recomienda que los edu-
cadores fortalezcan estas habilidades para potenciar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje en sus edu-
candos.
Palabras clave: competencias emocionales, educación emocional, inteligencia emocional, do-
cente emocional, tipos de aprendizajes.
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 43-60
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
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Introduction
This article focuses on the emotional intelligence of educators, pivotal as they are the agents
promoting the comprehensive development of students. It is argued that teachers should equip
themselves with skills that allow them to better identify the emotions of their students. Hence
arises the importance of nurturing empathy, communication, and self-control, deemed essential
for educators since they strengthen interactions with students.
This training not only enables the teacher to renew their personality and pedagogical metho-
dology but also leads them to consider the emotional needs of their students. This, in turn, gui-
des them in choosing strategies and resources and in perceiving individualized learning styles.
In this study, the teacher's emotional intelligence is addressed without neglecting that of the
students. Given that educators serve as role models, students tend to adopt similar behaviors,
benefiting their own growth.
Romero (2022) contends that emotional intelligence is vital for the mental and social balance
of individuals, as it allows them to understand their environment and make informed decisions
amidst diverse daily circumstances. According to
Goleman (2022), emotional intelligence plays
a crucial role in education: it boosts motivation, controls impulses, regulates emotions, and pro-
motes student integration. Additionally, it reinforces personal and social skills and values such
as self-esteem, autonomy, communication, empathy, and self-control.
On the other hand,
Arrabal (2018) breaks down emotional intelligence into several components:
(a) Perception: involves interpreting, feeling, and experiencing emotions and feelings. (b) Assi-
milation: suggests that emotions and thoughts can be integrated. If one understands how to
leverage emotions for the benefit of thought, individuals will make better decisions. (c) Unders-
tanding: is based on recognizing others' emotions and identifying one's own, which eases con-
necting with others. (d) Regulation: is associated with the ability to manage emotional responses
in various situations, whether stressful, positive, or negative.
According to
Bariso (2020), emotional intelligence includes: (a) intrapersonal intelligence, which
relates to the ability to know oneself; it also includes self-esteem, self-control, self-love, self-con-
cept, autonomy, and academic motivation; and (b) interpersonal intelligence, which relates to
the motivation and ability to understand the emotions and behaviors of other individuals. Ad-
ditionally,
Pincay et al. (2018) explain that the complex environment in which teachers have to
work clearly requires an increase in emotional intelligence, which enables them to be resilient,
adapt to situations, and fully cope with the daily occurring changes.
Furthermore,
Waissbluth (2019) states that the global educational aim is the holistic development
of students, both cognitively and emotionally. To achieve this, educators must possess robust
emotional intelligence and also the ability to plan lessons with themes that incorporate the de-
velopment of skills, addressing them clearly and cross-curricularly to optimise students' emo-
tional growth.
The emotional intelligence of teachers for the learning
of biology in university students
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
46
Savier Fernando Acosta Faneite
In this vein, Tacca et al. (2020) articulate that in Latin America, teachers should not only focus
on imparting subject knowledge and appropriate behavioural patterns but also on emotions
and feelings. Educators need to understand student behaviour from an emotional perspective,
not just a behavioural one, and learn how to teach emotional intelligence. This approach should
not only be implemented in the educational setting but also in familial and social contexts.
In this regard,
Segura et al. (2018) assert that those lacking developed emotional intelligence
impact interpersonal relationships, collaboration, problem-solving abilities, teamwork, and the
motivation to achieve life's goals and objectives. Educators with a high degree of emotional in-
telligence are more empathetic, positive, and relate better with others, demonstrating higher
job satisfaction. Given these conditions,
Mejía & Londoño (2021) state that emotions conveyed
by teachers induce behavioural changes in students that influence learning; therefore, educators
become the most crucial emotional guides for students, serving as role models.
In this scenario, a teacher capable of capturing, understanding, and managing emotions will
achieve personal balance and social wellbeing. According to
Acosta & Blanco (2022), emotional
intelligence is linked to several human capacities such as assimilation, perception, evaluation,
learning, generation, comprehension, regulation, and expression of emotions. In light of the fo-
regoing,
Macazana & Romero (2021) emphasise the need for teacher training to bridge the
educational gap in the development of skills, which have been less prioritised for managing
thoughts, feelings, emotions, and the acquired skills to understand reality, enhancing both per-
sonal and professional growth.
For
Bariso (2020), emotional intelligence includes: (a) intrapersonal intelligence, which is related
to the ability to know oneself; it also includes self-esteem, self-control, self-love, self-concept,
autonomy, and academic motivation; and (b) interpersonal intelligence, which is related to the
motivation and ability to understand the emotions and behaviors of other individuals. Similarly,
Pincay et al. (2018) explain that the complex environment in which teachers have to work clearly
requires an increase in emotional intelligence, which allows them to be resilient, adapt to situa-
tions, and fully face the changes that occur on a daily basis.
Now,
Waissbluth (2019) states that the purpose of education worldwide is the holistic develop-
ment of students, both cognitively and emotionally. To achieve this, teachers must have good
emotional intelligence and also the ability to plan classes with topics that include the develop-
ment of competencies that address emotions clearly and holistically in the curriculum, as a way
to optimize the emotional development of students.
In this context,
Tacca et al. (2020) express that in Latin America, teachers must focus not only
on teaching subject knowledge and correct behavioral patterns, but also on emotions and fee-
lings. The teacher must understand student behavior from an emotional perspective, not just
behavioral, and learn how to teach emotional intelligence. This should not only be applied in
the educational environment but also in the family and social contexts.
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 43-60
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
47
In this sense, Segura et al. (2018) state that someone who hasn't developed emotional intelligence
affects interpersonal relationships, collaboration, problem-solving skills, teamwork, and motivation
to achieve goals in life. Teachers with a high degree of emotional intelligence are more empathetic,
positive, and relate better to others, and they show greater job satisfaction. Given these conditions,
Mejía & Londoño (2021) affirm that emotions expressed by teachers provoke behavioral changes
in students that influence learning; therefore, teachers become the most important emotional
guides for students, serving as examples and role models.
In this scenario, a teacher who can perceive, understand, and control emotions will achieve their
own balance and social well-being. According to
Acosta & Blanco (2022), emotional intelligence
is related to various capacities of individuals, such as assimilation, perception, evaluation, lear-
ning, generation, understanding, regulation, and expression of emotions. In light of the above,
Macazana & Romero (2021) point out that teacher training is needed to close the educational
gap in the development of skills that have been less important for managing thoughts, feelings,
emotions, and acquired abilities to understand reality and to improve both personally and pro-
fessionally.
On the other hand,
Fuenmayor (2016) notes that in Venezuela, teachers need to change education
and teach from emotions to promote different learning styles in students. Therefore, they must
keep emotional competencies in mind during their pedagogical practice. In other words, a teacher
with emotional skills can create a suitable working environment and better recognize students'
emotional states. This leads to an empathetic connection that provides security to the student.
In this sense,
Romero et al. (2022) indicate that there is a need to include new areas of work re-
lated to emotional intelligence, such as perception, assimilation, understanding, emotional re-
gulation, communication, and interpersonal relationships, among others. Likewise, it is necessary
to train teachers to understand the role of emotions in the school environment, as this will ena-
ble the development of more effective teaching activities.
Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate this teaching model to have a positive effect on the daily
work results of the teacher. Since it impacts learning, mental health, effectiveness of social rela-
tionships, and job performance, it fosters a positive classroom environment to reduce the inherent
stress of the profession and improves communication and relationships among students, collea-
gues, and the educational community. Teachers with developed emotional intelligence project a
understanding personality in their daily work, which goes beyond observing students' behavior.
It involves delving into feelings, understanding what behaviors mean, comprehending them, and
creating an atmosphere of dialogue, understanding, and active listening.
According to
Heredia & Sánchez (2020), a teacher must possess an education that enables
them to create a positive learning environment that promotes students' acquisition of know-
ledge. This way, the educational environment becomes a more positive reflection of society.
Moreover, they should encourage an appropriate school atmosphere, which is linked to physical
and psychological development that fosters optimal learning, reduces disruptive behaviors, and
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nurtures the formation of good groups and empathy.
On the other hand, Bulás et al. (2020) state that when these basic emotional competencies are
developed, it becomes easier to build others such as autonomy, commitment, and critical thin-
king. When a teacher is skilled in emotional teaching, students enjoy school more, build their
self-esteem easily, become more creative, and recognize the humanity in each student. All of
this reduces discipline problems and creates a less hostile school environment.
Recently, teachers have become aware of the impact that students' emotions have. However,
very few educational institutions have aligned their content and academic goals with emotional
intelligence. In this regard,
Ávila (2019) suggests that there is shared responsibility for the socio-
emotional development of students in the educational process. This begins with the harmony
that should exist within the family, as it is the emotional model that forms the student's initial
environment for socialization and emotional education. The second is the academic environ-
ment, where, with the support of laws, strategies, and resources, teachers must promote emo-
tional intelligence in the classroom.
On another note,
Coll (2017) explains that people's learning consists of the reception, assimila-
tion, and accommodation of knowledge. Similarly, Kolb (2014) notes that learning is observed
when individuals acquire or modify skills, knowledge, and behaviors due to lived experiences.
Therefore, learning is the process of constructing experience and adapting it to new situations.
Learning is part of personal development and is most effective when the individual is motivated,
willing to learn, and puts in effort. For this, they have to pay attention, use their memory, and
employ logical reasoning.
In this context,
Ojeda (2022) points out that for effective learning to occur, the following con-
ditions are necessary: methods, procedures, strategies, resources, motivation, will, and appro-
priate time management. Therefore, teachers must possess emotional intelligence and manage
students' emotions effectively, as various consequences can arise, such as social issues like bad
moods, isolation, withdrawal, dissatisfaction, and dependence.
The study was conducted at the University of Zulia, involving students and teachers from the
biology education program. The aim was to analyze the emotional intelligence of teachers for
the biology learning of university students at the University of Zulia. As previous studies indi-
cate, it is necessary for teachers to have developed components of emotional intelligence
(self-motivation, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills) to effectively conduct
their classes and enable students to achieve lasting, useful, applicable, and transferable learning
outcomes.
According to Escolano (2018), the development of emotional intelligence is in the hands of ever-
yone and depends on the conditions individuals experience throughout their lives. Childhood
is a crucial stage where these capacities are developed. Learning them is essential as they allow
understanding how to interact with the people around us. Humans need to develop emotionally
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and intellectually throughout their lives to progress both cognitively and personally.
Components of Emotional Intelligence
Goleman states that the components of emotional intelligence include: (a) Emotional self-awa-
reness, which refers to individuals' ability to identify, recognize, and understand their own emo-
tions. (b) Emotional self-regulation, the capacity to control and manage emotions and reactions.
(c) Motivation, the ability to self-motivate and motivate others, setting and working toward
goals. (d) Empathy, the capacity to understand and comprehend others' emotions. e) Social
skills, enabling effective interaction and communication with others, fostering healthy interper-
sonal relationships and collaboration within teams.
Student Learning
Learning involves the assimilation of knowledge and behavioral change; it's a shared task bet-
ween teachers and students. To achieve this,
Acosta & Barrios (2023) emphasize the need for
teachers to fulfill their role as agents of capacity development through innovative strategies.
They should recognize the students' role in learning and choose methodologies that enable
students to acquire knowledge.
Arhuiri (2021) emphasizes that students must be aware of and committed to their own learning.
Adequate guidance can lead them to reflect on their learning. Therefore, achieving academic
excellence requires the commitment of both teachers and students. This involves proper plan-
ning, execution, control, and monitoring of the learning process, as well as clear evaluation cri-
teria that students are aware of.
Learning Styles
There are various learning styles, each describing how students acquire knowledge differently.
For the purposes of this study, the learning style according to the modulating agent proposed
by
Kolb (2014) was selected. Kolb suggests that learning style is influenced by genetics, life ex-
periences, and social situations. Information can be received and absorbed in concrete, creative,
abstract, or adaptive ways. These styles are classified as: (a) Convergent learning: This occurs
when a person perceives information concretely and is capable of finding practical solutions.
They can synthesize knowledge graphically and easily create diagrams, plans, maps, others.
(b) Divergent learning: These individuals offer multiple solutions to various situations due to
their creativity. They tend to generate innovative ideas and are often artists, designers, creators,
and inventors. (c) Assimilative learning: People with this style excel in abstract knowledge and
are more inclined towards research, programming, and engineering. (d) Accommodative lear-
ning: This style is characterized by adaptability to different situations, a strong desire to interact
socially, and leadership qualities. Individuals with this style are good speakers and presenters.
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Methodology
During the course of the research, it is necessary to determine which paradigm is suitable to be
used as guidance during the study's development. This is why
Hernández & Mendoza (2018)
point out that without a clear understanding of the models that guide the researcher's approach
in the study, scientific research cannot be conducted. In this context, the method used was po-
sitivist, as described by
Arias (2016), which deals with the existence of a specific way to compre-
hend the investigated fact or phenomenon, thus proposing the use of this technique as
authenticity of knowledge.
Furthermore, the type of research conducted in the study was descriptive. According to
Palella &
Martins (2017)
, it aims to understand certain phenomena through systemic criteria that allow ob-
servation of behavior. Similarly, this type of study does not involve testing hypotheses, but rather
describes the subject in terms of predefined judgments. They also indicate that it is a mechanism
aimed at obtaining information about the situation of the phenomenon under study.
On the other hand, the study was non-experimental. According to
Hernández & Mendoza (2018),
its purpose is to investigate the values of events. This means that the study's objective is to analyze
the state of a variable, individual, or entity in order to provide a description. Similarly, it was cross-
sectional, as a specific scenario was chosen for data collection: the Faculty of Humanities and Edu-
cation at the University of Zulia.
According to
Sabino (2014), the population is a group of subjects that constitute all individuals in
a study. Due to its small size, a population census was conducted where all individuals participated
in the research. It consisted of 5 teachers and 38 students, the latter from the following semesters:
18 from the sixth, 13 from the seventh, and 7 from the eighth. They were selected because of their
advanced academic training and their ability to provide a more objective judgment.
For data collection, the technique used was a survey, as described by
Suárez et al. (2022). It in-
volves a set of questions applied to the individuals who participated in the research, in this case,
teachers and biology students from the University of Zulia. Based on this, the tool for data collec-
tion was a questionnaire, defined by
Arias (2016) as a document consisting of well-formulated,
organized, and related questions related to indicators, dimensions, and variables.
To gather information, the instrument employed was a questionnaire, which was approved by six
experts in education and methodology before its use. Its reliability was 0.964. It was transcribed
into a digital questionnaire version using "Google Forms," where questions were organized for each
indicator that composed the study's variables. The digital link was sent via email and WhatsApp to
the respondents. Once the information was collected, it was analyzed using Excel. The data were
subsequently classified and grouped for interpretation and discussion with the selected theories.
The instrument contained 4 variations due to the type of questions in the questionnaire. In other
words, the criteria for choosing the scale correspond to each subject's direction. The response
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options were (4) Always; (3) Almost always; (2) Almost never; (1) Never. In this study, only 4 al-
ternatives were considered. This, according to
Hernández et al (2014), is done with the purpose
of "committing the subject or forcing them to pronounce themselves favorably or unfavorably"
(p. 244).
Similarly, a scale, as indicated by
Hernández & Mendoza (2018), was developed to display a set
of categories allowing the evaluation of variables, dimensions, and indicators, with the aim of fa-
cilitating the interpretation of the data that can be found. Furthermore, the process of analyzing
the information enables the quantitative evaluation of the survey's outcome through the classi-
fication and tabulation of data for the subsequent formulation and interpretation of the process.
Table 1. Criteria for interpreting responses.
Source: Self-made (2023).
Results
In the following tables presented below, the results of the variables and dimensions are expres-
sed in frequencies, percentages, and the interpretation of the scale.
Table 2. Components of emotional intelligence.
Source: Self-made (2023).
In Table 2, the results of the "components of emotional intelligence" dimension are shown. Re-
The emotional intelligence of teachers for the learning
of biology in university students
Variables Values Options Quntitative value Categories
Emotional intelligence of teachers and
biology learning of students
Inteligencia
emocional de los docentes y aprendizaje
de la biología de los estudiantes.
Positive
Always 4 Efficient
Almost always 3
Not very efficient
Negative
Almost never 2 Inefficient
Never 1 Very inefficient
Indicadores
Opcions Always Almost always Almost never Never Total Categories
Subjetcs Stu. Teac. Stu. Teac. Stu. Teac. Stu Teac. Stu. Teac. Stu.. Teac.
Self-awareness
Fa 3 3 19 1 13 1 3 0 38 5
Not
very efi-
cient
Efficient
% 7,9 60,0 50,0 20,0 34,2 20,0 7,9 0 100 100
Self-regulation
Fa 4 1 18 3 14 1 2 0 38 5
Not
very efi-
cient
% 10,5 20,0 47,4 60,0 36,9 20,0 5,2 0 100 100
Motivation
Fa 11 1 14 2 10 1 3 1 38 5
% 28,9 20,0 36,9 40,0 26,3 20,0 7,9 20,0 100 100
Empathy
Fa 10 2 17 1 8 1 3 1 38 5
Efficient
% 26,3 40,0 44,7 20,0 21,1 20,0 7,9 20,0 100 100
Social skills
Fa 9 2 21 1 7 1 1 1 38 5
% 23,7 40,0 55,3 20,0 28,4 20,0 2,6 20,0 100 100
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Savier Fernando Acosta Faneite
garding the "self-awareness" indicator, 50% of biology education students expressed that tea-
chers almost always know how to identify, recognize, and understand their own emotions and
those of others; placing these results in the category of low efficiency. On the other hand, bio-
logy teachers, at 60%, claim that they always know how to interpret their emotions and those
of other individuals; placing themselves in the efficient category.
For the "self-regulation" indicator, 47.4% of students expressed that teachers are almost always
capable of controlling and regulating emotions and reactions; placing these results in the cate-
gory of low efficiency. In the case of teachers, 60% stated that they almost always regulate emo-
tions and reactions due to various situations they face in their academic practice and daily life;
placing themselves in the category of low efficiency.
In the "motivation" indicator, students, at 36.9%, state that teachers almost always, despite the
circumstances they live in, are motivated, guide students, set goals, and work to achieve them;
placing these results in the category of low efficiency. On the other hand, teachers, at 40%, ex-
pressed that they almost always have motivation and set goals for their personal and profes-
sional lives; placing these results in the category of low efficiency.
In the "empathy" indicator, students, at 44.7%, point out that teachers almost always
have the ability to understand the emotions of others; placing these results in the cate-
gory of low efficiency. Whereas teachers, at 40%, express that they always have the ability
to identify and understand people's emotions; placing these results in the efficient cate-
gory.
Regarding "social skills," students express that 44.7% of teachers almost always relate and com-
municate effectively with others, establish healthy interpersonal relationships, and work in teams;
placing these results in the category of low efficiency. However, teachers, at 40%, affirm that
they always establish communication with their colleagues and students; placing these results
in the efficient option.
Table 3. Learning styles according to the modulating agent.
Source: Self-made (2023).
Indicators
Options Always Almost always Almost never Never Total Categories
Subjetcs Stu. Teac. Stu. Teac. Stu. Teac. Stu. Teac. Stu. Teac. Stu. Teac.
Convergent
learning
Fa 5 1 20 2 10 1 3 1 38 5
Not very
efficient
Not very
efficient
% 13,2 20,0 52,6 40,0 26,3 20,0 7,9 20,0 100 100
Divergent
learning
Fa 14 1 19 3 3 1 2 0 38 5
Not very
efficient
Not very
efficient
% 36,9 20,0 50,0 60,0 7,9 20,0 5,2 0 100 100
Assimilative
learning
Fa 15 1 13 2 7 1 3 1 38 5
Efficient
Not very
efficient
% 39,5 39,5 20,0 34,2 40,0 20,0 7,9 20,0 100 100
Accommoda-
tive learning
Fa 9 9 1 18 2 1 2 1 38 5
Not very
efficient
Not very
efficient
% 23,7 20,0 47,4 40,0 23,7 20,0 5,2 20,0 100 100
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Table 3 displays the results of the "learning styles" dimension according to the modulating agent.
For the "convergent learning" indicator, biology education students, at 56.2%, express that they
almost always perceive information in a concrete manner and are capable of finding practical
solutions to their problems; placing these results in the category of low efficiency. On the other
hand, biology teachers, at 40%, indicate that almost always students receive accurate informa-
tion and seek solutions to the situations they encounter; placing these results in the category
of low efficiency.
Regarding the "divergent learning" indicator, 50% of the students indicate that they almost al-
ways offer multiple solutions to problems, show creativity, and generate innovative ideas; placing
these results in the category of low efficiency. Teachers, at 60%, agree with the students that
they almost always seek to solve difficulties, are creative, and innovative; placing these results
in the option of low efficiency.
In the case of the "assimilative learning" indicator, 39.5% of students mention that they always
have the capacity for abstract knowledge and excel in research; placing these results in the ef-
ficient category. Whereas teachers, at 40%, indicate that students almost always develop this
type of learning; placing the results in the option of low efficiency.
In relation to the "accommodative learning" indicator, 47.4% of biology education students in-
dicate that they are almost always capable of quickly adapting to different situations, leading,
and socially interacting; placing these results in the option of low efficiency. Biology teachers, at
40%, indicate that almost always students have the ability to communicate easily with their
peers; placing these results in the option of low efficiency.
Discussion of results
To establish a theoretical framework that provides an explanation for the study's phenomenon,
it is relevant to begin with Goleman's conception of emotional intelligence. He defines it as the
ability to perceive, understand, and regulate one's own emotions, as well as to understand and
successfully relate to others. This capacity aids in making well-informed decisions, managing
stress and interpersonal interactions successfully, and achieving personal and professional life
goals.
Now, in studying certain indicators of emotional intelligence, which include self-awareness, self-
regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills (these being the components of emotional in-
telligence),
Tacca et al. (2020) point out that teachers must have developed these components,
which should manifest through the skills they demonstrate in interacting with students and se-
lecting pedagogical mechanisms. This achievement is attainable through assertive decisions re-
garding strategies and resources implementation.
In this line of thought, concerning the self-awareness indicator, the results indicate a lack of ef-
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ficiency. This suggests a weakness among teachers, as expressed by Barragán & Trejos (2022),
considering it an essential professional competence that educators should possess. This self-
awareness allows them to understand themselves, be conscious of their motivations, needs,
thoughts, and feelings, and how these affect behavior and connections with others and the en-
vironment.
Regarding the indicator of self-regulation among teachers, the results differ from
Gaeta's (2014)
description, who refers to this ability as the capacity to manage and control one's own behavior,
and to plan and monitor one's learning and professional development. This implies that teachers
should be capable of identifying their strengths and weaknesses, setting realistic goals to im-
prove their performance, seeking feedback and support, and adjusting their practices accor-
dingly.
As for teachers' motivation, the indicator showed a weakness. This contradicts
Durange's (2022)
assertion, as teacher motivation is significant, affecting performance and the quality of education
they provide. When a teacher is motivated, committed, and holds a positive attitude towards
instruction, students' interest and commitment increase. Moreover, motivation can help teachers
be more creative and innovative in their teaching methods and stay updated in their field of
study.
According to the results, the empathy indicator exhibited weakness. This contrasts with
Pincay
et al.' (2018) statement that empathy is fundamental for educational success and student lear-
ning. It implies that teachers should put themselves in students' shoes to understand their fee-
lings, thoughts, and motivations. An empathetic relationship between the teacher and the
student promotes meaningful learning and reduces disciplinary problems. Hence, the teacher's
empathy is essential for helping students integrate with peers and understand their needs.
Concerning the indicator of social skills, weaknesses were identified, as it was rated as inefficient.
This contradicts
Huambachano & Huaire's (2018) perspective, emphasizing the importance for
teachers to connect with students with kindness, respect, empathy, humility, and trust. Moreover,
teachers should possess effective communication skills, utilizing various resources such as oral,
written, and body language. These skills are mainly acquired through learning, observation,
imitation, experimentation, and information.
In this context,
Extremera et al. (2020) point out that teachers' social and emotional skills are
fundamental for achieving effective teaching objectives. Therefore, emotional inclusion in clas-
srooms should be promoted, recognizing that teachers are perceived as the main role models
for students' attitudes, behaviors, feelings, and emotions. Consequently, they should establish
a healthy and intimate connection with students, understand their emotional state, teach them
self-understanding, and facilitate conciliatory and calm conflict resolution.
On the other hand,
Macazana et al. (2021) express the necessity for teachers to develop the
components of emotional intelligence, as they influence students' behaviors. Therefore, tea-
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chers need to recognize emotions that favor concentration, motivation, and all elements con-
tributing to the assimilation of academic information and enhancing students' mental pro-
cesses.
According to Hernández & Guárate (2017), as mediators between the subjects they teach and
how students acquire that knowledge, teachers should serve as role models. Students spend a
significant amount of time in class, making it essential to channel feelings and emotions through
a mentor's image.
However et al. (2017) indicate that for students to develop emotional feelings
and skills associated with emotional intelligence, they require a teacher to be their emotional
guide.
Similarly,
Acosta & Villalba (2022) suggest that as teachers, it's essential not to forget that a sig-
nificant part of fostering feelings and values occurs with the assistance of parents. Thus, activities
with parents should be conducted, enabling them to be models for their children at home.
School meetings with parents and children should also be held to discuss and provide a set of
recommendations applicable at home.
Regarding the results obtained from the learning style dimension based on the modulating
agent, such as convergent, divergent, assimilative, and accommodative learning, these were
perceived as inefficient. This indicates weakness, contradicting Kold's (2014) assertions that lear-
ning is constructed from lived experiences and social situations. When combined, students focus
on finding efficient solutions to specific problems, particularly situations involving logic and
creativity, such as answering multiple-choice questions or solving problems recognizing they
have a possible solution.
For the indicator of convergent learning, the results suggest inefficiency. This contradicts the
viewpoints of
Acevedo et al. (2016), who note that this occurs when a person perceives infor-
mation concretely and can find practical solutions. It centers on acquiring cross-cutting com-
petencies and encourages student participation in their own learning. It seeks to integrate
different disciplines and approaches to solve complex problems, fostering critical thinking, pro-
blem-solving, and collaboration. Therefore, students need to engage in this type of learning to
acquire necessary skills for their academic formation.
Concerning the indicator of divergent learning, the survey respondents indicated weakness.
Silva (2018) states that this approach focuses on developing critical, creative, and flexible thinking
skills, fostering inquiry, ingenuity, and generating multiple solutions instead of seeking a correct
answer. This educational approach is designed to empower students and prepare them for real-
world challenges.
For the indicator of assimilative learning, the results show weakness, differing from Rodríguez's
(2020) description. According to him, this style involves integrating new information into pre-
existing mental schemes that allow individuals to build knowledge and understanding of the
surrounding world. In this sense,
Blanco & Acosta (2023) note that it is an active process in
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which individuals attempt to relate, argue, and comprehend new information, also allowing
them to engage in research.
Finally, concerning the accommodative learning indicator, the results differ from the viewpoint
of Tripodoro & De Simone (2015), as this style is characterized by active experimentation and
practical tasks. Therefore, individuals tend to learn best when engaged in real-world situations,
facing challenges, and directly solving problems. It's an adaptive style characterized by the ability
to quickly adapt to new situations and make rapid decisions based on practical experience. Es-
sential for learning biology and highly effective in fast-paced situations requiring swift reactions.
According to Kolb, learning is fundamental as it enables individuals to adapt, improve, and make
effective decisions based on past experiences. It also allows them to face new challenges, op-
timize behavior, and achieve the best outcomes in various environments and situations. The
importance of learning style lies in helping individuals understand how they learn best, so they
can adapt their style or way of acquiring knowledge. Furthermore, Kolb's model has been used
in education to enhance teaching and learning, and to assist individuals in being more produc-
tive and effective team members.
Conclusions
Once the results have been analyzed, it can be indicated that, according to what the students
expressed, it was evident that almost never do the professors in the Education in Biology pro-
gram at the University of Zulia exhibit the components of emotional intelligence, placing these
findings in the category of low efficiency. In the case of the teachers, they point out that they
efficiently demonstrate the indicators of self-awareness, empathy, and social skills, but self-re-
gulation and motivation are not very efficient. These results indicate a weakness in the teachers
in this dimension; perhaps this is due to the social, economic, and political factors that teachers
currently experience.
Regarding the case of learning according to the modulating agent, the results presented by the
Education in Biology students indicate that they almost never acquire knowledge. They attribute
this to the possibility that teachers may not properly employ the components of emotional in-
telligence and methodologies so that students can apply learning strategies appropriately, pla-
cing these results in the category of low efficiency. On their part, the teachers express that
students rarely apply learning styles in their classes, placing these results in the category of low
efficiency as well. They also show concern, as this has an impact on their professional develop-
ment.
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Review Articles
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado 5(9), 61-130
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
61
Doctoral research: narrative, an
intellectual elaboration nuanced by
interdisciplinarity and
complexity
La investigación doctoral: la narrativa una
elaboración intelectiva matizada por la
interdisciplinariedad y la complejidad
Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares*
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-3649
San Cristóbal, Táchira State / Venezuela
.
* Professor Emeritus of the University of Los Andes -Táchira, Venezuela. Senior Category, Retired. Lawyer.
Doctor in Education. Postdoctoral in Research. Email: adrianfilidi@gmail.com
Received: May/11/2023 Reviewed: May/25/2023 Approved: July/21/2023 Published: January/10/2024
How to quote: Contreras, C. A. F. (2024). Doctoral research: narrative, an intellectual elaboration
nuanced by interdisciplinarity and complexity. Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 63-
85. https://doi.org/10.59654/eebne822
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 63-85
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
63
https://doi.org/10.59654/eebne822
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
64
Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
Abstract
The narrative that emerges from the development of a doctoral research, currently has to be
pergeñada of aspects such as interdisciplinarity and complexity. In addition, the importance of
multiperspectivity and multicontextuality must be understood. In view of this preceding criterion,
the intention of this discourse is to reflect on how the researcher should transform the writing
process when reporting findings, based on the approach to the cognizable object. The essay is
based on the examination of valuable literature, combined with documentary research, as well
as the cogitations and maxims of the personal experiences of the person carrying out this in-
tellectual discourse. As a provisional truth: we aspire to continue in this line of thought to deepen
the need to transform the feelthinking of doctoral thesis researchers, tutors (or thesis directors)
and jurors, referees or members of a doctoral tribunal.
Keywords:
narrative, doctoral research, complexity, interdisciplinarity, multi-perspectivity, multi-contextuality.
Resumen
La narrativa que surge del desarrollo de una investigación doctoral, en la actualidad ha de estar
pergeñada de aspectos como la interdisciplinariedad y la complejidad. Aunado a ello, comprender
la importancia de la multiperspectividad y la multicontextualidad. En atención a este criterio pre-
cedente, la intencionalidad de este discurrir es la de reflexionar acerca cómo debe haber una
transformación del proceso escritural por parte del investigador cuando reporte los hallazgos, a
partir del acercamiento al objeto cognoscible. La disertación realizada se ha fundamentado en la
revisión de literatura valiosa, con lo cual se asocia a la investigación documental; así como las co-
gitaciones y máximas de experiencias personales de quien realiza este discurso intelectivo. Como
verdad provisional: se aspira a seguir en esta línea de pensamiento para profundizar sobre la ne-
cesidad de transformar el sentipensar de los investigadores de tesis doctorales, de los tutores (o
directores de tesis) y de los jurados, árbitros o integrantes de un tribunal doctoral.
Palabras clave: narrativa, investigación doctoral, complejidad, interdisciplinariedad, multipers-
pectividad, multicontextualidad.
Preamble
Facing the writing of a doctoral research report often becomes complex and acquires a certain
degree of difficulty. This can be due to several issues, ranging from epistemological simplism, lin-
guistic denotation derived from the limited non-visual information contained in the hippocampus,
to a limited command of writing skills. Regarding this latter aspect, the difficulty is expressed in a
lack of attention to syntax and paragraph development; therefore, ideas are presented without
considering coherence, cohesion, and linkage. Moreover, externally, one is subject to the prevailing
academic dictatorship, either from advisors (thesis directors) or examination committees (doctoral
tribunal members), who are seen as icons of intellectualism, and whose ideas must be accepted
ad litteram. Hence, they do not allow for the construction of creative discourse.
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 63-85
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Doctoral research: narrative, an intellectual elaboration nuanced
by interdisciplinarity and complexity
Such considerations lead to the development of a doctoral thesis with limited vocabulary, very
precise, quite denotative, and without promoting ποίησις (poiesis) as the impulse of connotative
language, emerging from a lexical domain based on conscious and deeply reflected readings.
Its content must be understood and internalized in a way that enables the researcher to write
fluently. Therefore, in this discourse, we aim to delve into aspects related to the elaboration of
a doctoral thesis. These aspects include: what is to be understood by research; the transition
from disciplinarity to interdisciplinarity. Likewise, we have considered multiperspectivity and mul-
ticontextuality as dimensions that allow for a richer understanding of all communicational acts.
We cannot overlook complexity, whose foundational criterion is interdisciplinarity. And, based
on that consideration, the narrative will acquire deeper nuances and cognitive richness that will
turn the characterization of findings into high-quality poetic prose. Finally, it is hoped that those
who engage in research can delve into this academic discourse to transform their way of feeling
and thinking, and thus, leave their mark on the discourse leading to the formality of presenting
a brilliant doctoral narrative.
The research in doctoral theses
The investigative processes in the construction of knowledge in doctoral theses require dif-
ferent approaches, scrutinous attitudes, and new holographic perspectives that lead the re-
searcher to establish connectivity at various levels: macro, meso, and micro, through a
discourse that emerges from encountering the phenomenal. All of this must be grounded in
the intelligibility and understanding that these levels must be perfectly cohesive; therefore,
each of them reveals, shines, and sparkles with an intellectual act, imbued with complexity
due to the interrelation with other levels, elements, and facets that are part of the phenome-
non under study.
In the phenomenal realm, as argued by
Bonil et al. (2004: 5):
Numerous elements converge, and multiple and varied interactions occur in processes
where dynamism is constant. A world in which the interaction between social and na-
tural perspectives has given rise to a model of social organization that reflects a pro-
found crisis
1
.
This perspective of relational multiplicity encourages the researcher to find other narratives that
support their discourse after conducting the inquiry and presenting it with a scientific approach
but with an innovative tone or nuance.
To delve into this intellectual act, let's start with the definition of research, which might be con-
sidered commonplace. However, it is valued as relevant, appropriate, in short: necessary. In this
context, researching is a term that can be described as polysemic. Its first association can be
traced back to the Latin term "vestigium" which, according to the Etimologías de Chile (2023: 1),
1
Our translation:
Numerous elements converge, and multiple and varied interactions occur in processes where
dynamism is constant. A world in which the interaction between social and natural perspectives has given rise to a
model of social organization that reflects a profound crisis.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
…se refería a la planta o suela del pie, [vale indicar, se vinculaba] con la marca que dejaba el pie
en la tierra y después a la indicación de que alguien había caminado por allí
2
. Translatively, it
can be said that from this origin emerges the expression "investigare" This Latin verb, as explai-
ned by Ander-Egg (1995: 57), “…proviene del latín in (en) y vestigare (hallar, inquirir, indagar, se-
guir vestigios) lo que conduce al concepto más elemental de descubrir o averiguar alguna cosa,
seguir la huella de algo, explorar
3
. From this eidetic association, the concept of discovery and
exploration can be extracted, using it to refer to the act of research.
With support from the aforementioned, it can be asserted, following Ander-Egg (1995:57), that
when it comes to defining the scope of this term, it can be indicated that, regarding its appli-
cability, it will be found in a sphere, in a context, or an "ambit" with plural actions and practices
that can be carried out “…desde [las actividades que ejecuta] el detective [hasta el acto que re-
aliza] el científico
4
. The spectrum of use for the expression "investigar" is broad. In consistency
with this discursive intellectual act, the referentiality is situated in the realm of scientific research.
That is, in the specific case of reflection, it pertains to the act of crafting a doctoral thesis.
In light of these considerations, delving into this act—the inquiry or investigation—it can be
said that it tends to be regarded as a process or a procedure. Under the consideration of a pro-
cedure,
Ander-Egg (1992: 57) states:
...la investigación es un procedimiento reflexivo, sistemático, controlado y crítico que tiene
por finalidad descubrir o interpretar los hechos y fenómenos, relaciones y leyes de un de-
terminado ámbito de la realidad; [es] una búsqueda de hechos, un camino para conocer
la realidad, un procedimiento para conocer verdades parciales, -o mejor-, para descubrir
no falsedades parciales
5
.
Reflexivity and systematicity are evident, guiding the researcher in the hermeneutic act of fin-
dings related to the object of knowledge. Based on this hermeneutics conducted by the re-
searcher, supported by the prolific literature found, they will proceed to reveal, through a
exquisitely structured dialogue, the explanatory understanding or the comprehensive expla-
nation of the phenomenon that has been part of the object of knowledge. In doing so, the
cognizant subject approaches this knowable object to explain it, comprehend it, and even
transform it.
2.
Our translation: .. Initially referred to the plant or sole of the foot, indicating the mark left by the foot on the
ground and later evolving into the indication that someone had walked there.
3
Our translation: ..comes from the Latin in (in) and vestigare (to find, inquire, investigate, follow traces), leading to
the most basic concept of discovering or finding something, following the trace of something, exploring."
4
Our translation: from the activities performed by the detective to the act performed by the scientist.
5
Our translation: ...research is a reflective, systematic, controlled, and critical procedure aimed at discovering or
interpreting facts and phenomena, relationships and laws within a specific domain of reality; [it is] a quest for facts,
a pathway to understand reality, a method to uncover partial truths—or rather—to discover not partial falsehoods.
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Doctoral research: narrative, an intellectual elaboration nuanced
by interdisciplinarity and complexity
The reflexivity and systematicity that should assist the researcher in the hermeneutic act of fin-
dings related to the object of knowledge are evident. Based on this hermeneutics conducted
by the researcher, supported by the prolific literature found, they will proceed to reveal, through
an exquisitely structured dialogue, the explanatory understanding or comprehensive explanation
of the phenomenon that has been part of the object of knowledge. This occurs as the cognizant
subject approaches this knowable object to explain it, comprehend it, and even transform it.
Under this guidance, as expressed by Grajales (2000: 2):
…el investigador debe aportar un alto sentido de orden, constancia y cuidado meticuloso
propio de aquellos que han desarrollado un alto grado de responsabilidad. La honestidad
es un valor indispensable en la verdadera investigación dado el esfuerzo y sacrificio que re-
presenta la búsqueda de la verdad y la constante oportunidad para descuidar los detalles
6
.
Within the discourse of writing, it is necessary, then, to take the preceding statement as a basis
to record the responsibility that a doctoral thesis researcher has in establishing an order to ar-
ticulate their scientific feelings and thoughts. As
Contreras (2023: 27) maintains:
La investigación, en ciertos niveles académicos, debe trascender lo convencional y el sen-
cillo acto de revelar los hallazgos. La narrativa científica debe estar matizada de comple-
jidad; además, ha de estar guiada por un sintagma problematizador, un sintagma
teleológico y un sintagma ontológico-epistemológico; ellos imbrican una arquitectura
transmetódica y compleja para el descubrimiento del saber
7
.
This preceding criterion could be expanded with the assertion focused on it being the realization
of the research; that is: its scientific report, which must go beyond merely denotative and sim-
plifying discourse to delve into the facets of a deeper discourse. A story, a narrative, an appre-
ciative stance that can and should be imbued with ποίησις (poiesis): creation, creativity, a
different way of doing, a poetry. Poetry is creation.
Platón (2016: 34) concurs: “‘Poesía’, en efecto,
se llama tan solo a ésta, y a los que poseen esa porción de ‘creación’, ‘poetas’”
8
. So, the researcher,
6
Our translation: ...the researcher must bring a high sense of order, perseverance, and meticulous care, characte-
ristic of those who have developed a high degree of responsibility. Honesty is an indispensable value in true re-
search, given the effort and sacrifice that the pursuit of truth represents and the constant opportunity to overlook
details.
7
Our translation: At certain academic levels, research must transcend the conventional and the simple act of re-
vealing findings. Scientific narrative should be nuanced with complexity; moreover, it should be guided by a pro-
blematizing syntagma, a teleological syntagma, and an ontological-epistemological syntagma. These elements
interweave a transmethodic and complex architecture for the discovery of knowledge.
8
Our translation: ...'Poetry,' indeed, is the name given only to this, and to those who possess that portion of 'crea-
tion,' 'poets.'
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
68
Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
in the expressive presentation of their thesis, must anchor themselves in creation. They can har-
ness their imagination, creativity, and poetry.
Therefore, as poiesis, the doctoral thesis must be an intellectual act of transcendence, infused
with creativity and originality, in which the immense responsibility of the researcher as a builder
of their own knowledge must be present. This constructive act must encompass the nuances of
being comprehensive, multiversal, transcontextual, and transcendent. The multiversal aspect
should be understood not only from a philosophical perspective, as in this realm of knowledge,
the multiversal tends to refer to a world that is valued as a world in need of purpose, design,
or predictability but should also be grounded in physics and cosmology. The multiversal is thus
linked to an imaginary, hypothetical group of all possible universes that exist, of which we are
a part.
It is common to observe, in doctoral research, according to the maxims of experience, a journey
through epistemic and gnoseological comfort; that is to say, through cognitive stability based
on a reductionist, simplifying, and hypothesizing paradigm. As Balza (2020: 52) notes in the
construction of knowledge related to the doctoral spectrum:
…[en] el pensamiento y praxis investigativa de nivel doctoral, en el campo de las Ciencias
Sociales, pareciera (…) [que se navega] en la corriente de lo simple, pues, muchas veces
se ahoga en el análisis de lo efímero y se alindera en el determinismo y reduccionismo
del pensamiento único; el cual, a su vez, empobrece al mínimo toda realidad y toda idea
nueva e iniciativa del investigador
9
.
Many times, furthermore, the researcher in training often follows the intentionality and criteria of
their guide rather than their own eidetic formulation, thereby accentuating the academic dictatorship
centered on a methodology typical of inductivism/deductivism. That is why, in the face of new epis-
temological, gnoseological, and methodological realities that allow for a different approach to the
phenomenon, to the quest for an explanation or understanding of the knowledge gap, it becomes
necessary to embrace the onto-implicating doubt
(Balza, 2020) - perhaps it sounds daring, but I will
call it "onto-guiding doubt" - as this doubt becomes the fundamental support for discerning know-
ledge and guiding its construction, development, and realization in a doctoral thesis.
And, as
Contreras (2017: 1) affirms: El desarrollo de una tesis doctoral, muchas veces, en cuanto
reto intelectivo, que concita reflexión, lectura, relectura, escritura y reescritura constante, se ha
tornado en acto agobiante y de preocupación, a veces frustrante, para los participantes e inves-
9
Our translation: The development of a doctoral thesis, often seen as an intellectual challenge that involves re-
flection, reading, rereading, constant writing, and rewriting, has become a burdensome and worrisome task, so-
metimes frustrating, for participants and novice researchers.
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Doctoral research: narrative, an intellectual elaboration nuanced
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tigadores noveles”
10
. This is why it becomes necessary to understand and confront new writing
challenges and new ways of complexifying the narrative in doctoral theses, based on constant
reading and thoughtful reflection on what it means to craft the report of a doctoral research.
As a corollary to this section, it can be indicated that the development of a doctoral thesis, after ha-
ving gone through the process of approaching the knowable object, is an intellectual action that
must be nuanced by feelings, emotionality, and mastery of discourse. This discourse will be grounded
in the multiple readings undertaken by the researcher, allowing them to possess non-visual infor-
mation
(Smith, 1989) that propels an interesting creative act. This information stored in the hippo-
campus is what will guide and facilitate the composition of a distinct, novel, and impactful narrative.
In this context, doctoral research and the narrative that must unfold should be grounded in va-
luing the holistic nature of the phenomenon and, consequently, delving into interdisciplinary
aspects and the complex thought-feeling derivations of the researcher. That is to say, if we think
and feel in a complex manner, our object of knowledge or knowable object, presented to us as
cognizant subjects, as researchers, as knowledge builders, will reflect that complexity rather
than being mere social reproducers of knowledge.
Disciplinarity and Interdisciplinarity
An assumption that the researcher, positioned as a creator of novel and unprecedented know-
ledge, must consider is the appreciation of aspects such as disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, mul-
tidisciplinarity, and, why not, an exploration of criteria for transdisciplinarity. These guiding
principles are relevant today as doctoral studies are being conducted in various fields, based
on the Sciences of Education and other disciplines, where the researcher associates their object
of knowledge. Disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity are closely linked to multiperspectivity and
multicontextuality, dimensions that will be briefly discussed below.
It is worth noting that, until now, the constructive idea of knowledge by researchers has focused
on presenting the specificity of the object of knowledge, grounded in the fragmentation of
knowledge in each discipline. Each segment explains, understands, and transforms its source
of knowledge. This is disciplinarity. As
Duque (2000: 7) expresses: “Se llama paradigma disciplinar
aquel en donde el conocimiento científico se organiza por disciplinas, las cuales establecen la di-
visión y especialización del trabajo, de acuerdo con los diversos campos de las ciencias”
11
. In other
10
Our translation: ...[in] the thought and investigative praxis at the doctoral level, in the field of Social Sciences, it
seems (…) [that one navigates] in the current of simplicity, as it often drowns in the analysis of the ephemeral and
aligns itself with the determinism and reductionism of singular thinking; which, in turn, diminishes to the minimum
every reality and every new idea and initiative of the researcher.
11
Our translation: The disciplinary paradigm is called such when scientific knowledge is organized by disciplines,
which establish the division and specialization of work according to various fields of the sciences.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
70
Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
words, the autonomy of each science exists and is recognized; hence, the production of scientific
knowledge about its own true knowable object. However, it is necessary to transcend this au-
tonomy, without considering it as a loss of disciplinary autonomy. Rather, it should be viewed
as an interrelation, aiming for a better understanding of the phenomenon under investigation.
This disciplinarity leads the researcher to develop and foster the conviction to delve deeper
day by day and with greater proficiency into the object of knowledge within their field of study.
While taking this step is important and sometimes necessary for achieving a profound mastery
of disciplinary knowledge, it can “…llevar consigo un riesgo de hiperespecialización del investi-
gador y un riesgo de ‘cosificación’ del objeto estudiado olvidando que tal objeto es una cons-
trucción. El objeto de la disciplina será entonces percibido como una cosa en sí”
12
(Duque, 2000:
8
). And, as a master of disciplinary knowledge, it may also lead to having extensive and pro-
found knowledge about the object of study but very little about other fields. The axiom is em-
braced: "knows a lot about very little." This may also imply having an ocean of knowledge with
only an inch of depth. And that needs to be overcome.
Therefore, in the face of this evident and imminent objectifying act of the studied phenomenon,
it becomes appropriate to move towards interdisciplinarity, which becomes the founding point
of complexity. The objectification leads to a symbolic reworking of what thinking beings do
with their materiality. And in this intentionality, one can reach a conciencia cosificada o cósica”
13
(Sierra, 2007: 3).
And as
Sierra himself clearly states (2007: 3):
La conciencia cósica o cosificada se presenta de dos modos. Por un lado, la reconstrucción
que los sujetos hacen del mundo social la realizan como si se tratase de objetos inde-
pendientes de sus acciones, como si éstos no estuviesen ligados a los primeros sino como
si tuviesen existencia propia. Por otro lado, esta conciencia atribuye a los objetos sociales
existencia independiente, no los puede concebir como inscritos en el devenir histórico
social, sino que los supone provistos de esencialidades atemporales. [Itálicas en el origi-
nal]
14
.
12
Our translation: ...carry with it the risk of hyper-specialization for the researcher and a risk of 'objectification' of
the studied object, forgetting that such an object is a construct. The object of the discipline will then be percei-
ved as a thing in itself.
13
Our translation: objectified consciousness
14
Our translation: Objectified or object-consciousness presents itself in two ways. On one hand, the reconstruction
that individuals make of the social world is done as if it were composed of objects independent of their actions, as
if these were not connected to the individuals but as if they had their own existence. On the other hand, this cons-
ciousness attributes independent existence to social objects, it cannot conceive them as inscribed in the social-
historical process but assumes them to be endowed with timeless essentialities. [Italics in the original]
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Doctoral research: narrative, an intellectual elaboration nuanced
by interdisciplinarity and complexity
Therefore, to transcend that act of "objectified consciousness," it becomes necessary to delve
into interdisciplinarity as the foundation for scientific progress, as a founding criterion, and as
a emphatic support of complexity. Regarding interdisciplinarity,
Pérez & Setién (2008: 1), they
argue that: [Ella] constituye uno de los aspectos esenciales en el desarrollo científico actual. No
se concibe la explicación de los problemas sociales desde una concepción científica sin la inte-
racción de las disciplinas afines”
15
. And on this foundation, concerning education, a taxonomy
has been created called Educational Sciences (Mialaret, 1985). Through them, in interrelation,
another way of narrating what has been found during the approach to the phenomenon of
knowledge can be conceived, in a more comprehensive manner.
In line with this, it is relevant to present the appreciation of Klaassen, Kothuis & Slinger
(2021: 79-80), who have noted the following:Interdisciplinarity can be understood as
combining two or more disciplines at the level of theory, methods, or solution space,
to form a transcendent and innovative understanding or solution, that in turn can pos-
sibly transform the mono-discipline(s) (Repko, 2007; Menken & Keestra, 2016; Fortuin,
2015). Two interdisciplinary ways of working can be distinguished, namely: within a team
of experts with different disciplinary backgrounds, or an individual using the theory,
methods and solutions from disciplines other than their area of expertise in seeking an
answer to their research or design questions.
As can be read, the idea of interrelation between two or more disciplines is rightly pointed
out, but also when professionals with expertise in different disciplines interact. However, as can
be anticipated, it can be an individual, a researcher, or an expert who applies propositions,
theories, procedures, and solution responses from other disciplines to address a situation re-
garding the phenomenon being questioned.
Regarding this perspective of interdisciplinarity, it is prudent and relevant to understand, as
stated by Nicolescu (2003, as cited in
Balza, 2020: 56), that it is related to the: …transferencia
de métodos de una disciplina a otra y se puede distinguir por su grado de aplicación, fundaentos
epistemológicos y de concepción de nuevas disciplinas”
16
. And, in line with this, Balza himself
(
2020: 60) states: “Esta visión de interdisciplinariedad adquiere esa categoría, sólo cuando se
genera un nuevo conocimiento proveniente de una transferencia de métodos, técnicas, teorías
y procedimientos”
17
. With research under the interdisciplinary criterion, it is possible and ne-
cessary to achieve an interrelation between the various disciplines of knowledge, allowing a
regrouping of these knowledges.
15
Our translation: It] constitutes one of the essential aspects in current scientific development. The explanation of
social issues from a scientific perspective is inconceivable without the interaction of related disciplines.
16
Our translation: ...transfer of methods from one discipline to another and can be distinguished by its degree of
application, epistemological foundations, and the conception of new disciplines.
1
17
Our translation: "This view of interdisciplinarity attains that category only when new knowledge is generated
from a transfer of methods, techniques, theories, and procedures.
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Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
In this direction, Pérez & Setién (2008: 1) express:
la reagrupación de los saberes. En la ciencia moderna, la preocupación de sus principales
exponentes —Galileo, Descartes, Bacon— por la sociedad científica interdisciplinaria fue
invariable. La diferencia radica sólo en que añadieron a esta agrupación interdisciplinar
la necesidad de una comunicación entre las disciplinas, elemento que retoma la interdis-
ciplinariedad a mediados del siglo XX. Fueron exponentes de estas ideas: Gottfried Wilhelm
Von Leibnitz y Jean Amos Komenski (Comenio). Este último propuso la pansophia, como
pedagogía de la unidad, capaz de eliminar la fragmentación del saber de las disciplinas
18
.
So, regarding interdisciplinarity, it is also worth noting that various attempts have been made
to grasp and apprehend the dynamism involved in approaching interdisciplinary activity. As
Peñuela aptly points out (2005: 49):
…se pueden encontrar dos lógicas básicas de constitución: una que usa la palabra interdis-
ciplinariedad como eje central acompañada de un adjetivo que da cuenta del aspecto a re-
saltar (cuando se logra especificar), entre las que están: interdisciplinariedad lineal, estructural,
heterogénea, auxiliar, compuesta, complementaria, unificadora, cruzada, isomórfica, paralela,
temática, metodológica, por método, por teoría, por regla, por objeto. Y otra, que se construye
con base en prefijos (raíces griegas y latinas) y en una jerarquía que busca medir el nivel de
interacción alcanzado. En esta encontramos: multidisciplinariedad (multi–D), polidisciplina-
riedad (poli–D), pluridisciplinariedad (pluri–D), transdisThus, in line with cognitive action, from
and with an interdisciplinary perspective, semiotics must be transformed, guided by a fra-
ming, structuring framework, to tend towards a deconstruction - a method developed by
Derrida in 1960, as cited in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2022: 1), which was defined as:ciplina-
riedad (trans–D) y metadisciplinariedad (meta–D), entre otras opciones posibles
19
.
18
Our translation: Interdisciplinarity is nothing more than the epistemological reaffirmation and constant regrouping of
knowledge. In modern science, the concern of its main proponents—Galileo, Descartes, Bacon—for interdisciplinary
scientific society was unwavering. The difference lies only in that they added to this interdisciplinary grouping the necessity
of communication between disciplines, an element that interdisciplinarity reintroduced in the mid-20th century. Advocates
of these ideas included Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz and Jean Amos Komenski (Comenius). The latter proposed pan-
sophia as a pedagogy of unity, capable of eliminating the fragmentation of knowledge across disciplines.
19
Our translation: ...two basic logics of constitution can be found: one that uses the word interdisciplinarity as the
central axis accompanied by an adjective that accounts for the aspect to highlight (when it can be specified), in-
cluding: linear interdisciplinarity, structural interdisciplinarity, heterogeneous interdisciplinarity, auxiliary interdisci-
plinarity, composite interdisciplinarity, complementary interdisciplinarity, unifying interdisciplinarity,
cross-disciplinarity, isomorphic interdisciplinarity, parallel interdisciplinarity, thematic interdisciplinarity, methodo-
logical interdisciplinarity, method-based interdisciplinarity, theory-based interdisciplinarity, rule-based interdisci-
plinarity, object-based interdisciplinarity. The other logic is constructed based on prefixes (Greek and Latin roots)
and a hierarchy that seeks to measure the level of interaction achieved. In this category, we find: multidisciplinarity
(multi-D), polydisciplinarity (poly-D), pluridisciplinarity (pluri-D), transdisciplinarity (trans-D), and metadisciplinarity
(meta-D), among other possible options.
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Doctoral research: narrative, an intellectual elaboration nuanced
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From what has been explained, one can infer about the plurality of approaches that are linked,
in principle, to the disciplinary. Now, the approach and cognitive elaboration, from interdiscipli-
narity, are based on the methodological conjunction of the different disciplines involved in said
elaboration, so it is necessary to delve into a contemplation that is not absorbed, but reflective
from and with the transdisciplinarity of the object of knowledge. This dilettante reflexivity involves
taking on a progressive and perfecting commitment to all the limitations bordering on the cur-
tailment of human thought-feeling (
Balza, 2020). This thought-feeling must be strengthened
through emerging epistemologies such as transdisciplinarity and complexity. And this is the
focal point of this cognitive discourse: the trans-D (transdisciplinarity).
So then, consistent with the cognitive process, from and with an interdisciplinary perspective,
semiotics must be transformed, guided by a framing, structuring framework, to tend towards a
deconstruction - a method developed by Derrida in 1960, as cited in
Encyclopaedia Britannica,
2022: 1)
, which was defined as: "...[a] form of philosophical and literary analysis"; furthermore,
with interdisciplinarity - and with the possibility of being grounded in transdisciplinarity - the
resolution of dilemmas that transcends reasoning must be positioned. This reasoning, which
until now has relied on a premise containing a choice between two terms, while other premises
indicate that both cases of the choice lead to the same conclusive outcome, must be overcome
with a foundational transdisciplinary epistemology.
The language used to translate the knowledge and theory achieved, to be shared through a
doctoral thesis, must go beyond denotation to be presented connotatively. It must aim to create
an instructive and illustrative lexicon that redefines and resemantizes the existing. It must draw
on interdisciplinary support from linguistics, philosophy, pedagogy, semiotics, among others,
to achieve this transcendent discourse. Thus, it will draw from semiotics, semantics, lexicography,
grammar, syntax, relational syntagms, free syntagms, and phraseological units, among many
others. This requires a significant and necessary linguistic proficiency on the part of the doctoral
researcher, enabling them to break free from the shackles of intellectual constraints and ensure
a new way of communicating knowledge.
So then, as a creative drive in the art of writing to disseminate the knowledge that has been created,
it must be envisioned with an interdisciplinary perspective. In this way, progress is made in science,
as Morin (1984, as cited in
Peñuela, 2005: 65) states: ): “La ciencia nunca hubiera sido la ciencia…
20
.
Therefore, in the construction of knowledge, and thus science, interdisciplinarity resembles an op-
tion, an epistemology that allows every researcher to interweave and correlate existing disciplines
and their corresponding methods of approaching their respective objects of knowledge.
For this reason, the researcher must be creative, a dreamer, to challenge preconceived frame-
works. With this argumentative foundation, the need to modify the anchors and schemes that
20
Our translation: The science would have never been the science...
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Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
currently exist in doctoral research should be addressed. This research has a constructive teleo-
logy aiming for disruptive and transformative knowledge. This must be the case, as considera-
tions must be taken into account …las interconexiones en el sentido del complexus de los
fenómenos”
21
(Balza, 2020: 63).
In that interconnectedness established in the phenomena, various integrative dimensions of
objects of knowledge can be appreciated. This is how you can find:
…ciertas dimensiones, “niveles de realidad” (Nicolescu, 1996), que exigen una actitud dife-
rente, un encuentro con la fractalidad, “una oscilación entre la práctica teorizada y la teoría
practicada” (Ramírez, 1999b), una dialéctica fractal (Ramírez, 1999c) o partir de una “lógica
arborescente”, o lógica sinfónica (Morin, 1984). (Como fueron citaron en
Peñuela, 2005: 68)
22
.
In that orientation, considered as they should be, the multiple interconnections when it comes
to knowledge crafted from a doctoral research, such construction …nos permite un tránsito
mental y un despliegue argumental para la resemantización de nuevos campos de conocimiento
en absoluta libertad de pensamiento; es decir, sin resistencias epistemológicas, conceptuales y
lingüísticas”
23
(Balza, 2020: 64).
And this premise that stands as the foundation to advance in science, hence, in understanding
knowledge, from that doctoral research perspective, reflects a deconstructive action of precon-
ceived schemes.
According to
Balza (2020: 66), this scientific progress:
…supone deconstruir el conocimiento preexistente relacionado con las temáticas consi-
deradas, tal y como lo plantea González (2007), cuando deja ver, que una tesis doctoral
debe ir más allá de los marcos teóricos analizados; en tanto, el desafío para el tesista es
ampliar los límites teóricos aceptados hasta el momento
24
.
21
Our translation:...the interconnections in the sense of the complexus of phenomena.
22
Our translation: ...certain dimensions, 'levels of reality' (Nicolescu, 1996), that demand a different attitude, an
encounter with fractality, 'an oscillation between theorized practice and practiced theory' (Ramírez, 1999b), a fractal
dialectic (Ramírez, 1999c) or starting from an 'arborescent logic' or symphonic logic (Morin, 1984). (As cited in Pe-
ñuela, 2005: 68).
23
Our translation: ...enables a mental journey and an argumentative deployment for the resemantization of new
fields of knowledge in absolute freedom of thought; that is, without epistemological, conceptual, and linguistic re-
sistances.
24
Our translation: ...entails deconstructing preexisting knowledge related to the considered themes, as stated by
González (2007), when he suggests that a doctoral thesis must go beyond the analyzed theoretical frameworks;
the challenge for the thesis writer is to expand the accepted theoretical boundaries up to that point.
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Undoubtedly, in this plural thematic discourse, dialectics emerges as a rational necessity for the
development of doctoral research, which unquestionably must be imbued, lacquered, characte-
rized by interdisciplinarity, hence, complexity. Methodological simplism does not entail the ontoe-
pistemological substrate that exudes the argumentative wisdom founded on making connections
in all dimensions of the phenomenon. Through dialectics, questions are formulated and answers
are obtained, which, in turn, provoke new questions. In this way, it is necessary to …entender que
se está trabajando con construcciones que trascienden lo disciplinar
25
(Peñuela, 2005: 73).
And when this criterion is internalized by the researcher, then a discernment of complementarity
is being established. In this way, it advocates and relates to the comprehensive sense of valuing
interconnected scientific knowledge based on the argumentative criteria, reflections, discern-
ment, and judgments elaborated by each discipline.
In this regard, Balza (2020: 68) argues that:
…todo razonamiento y argumentación (…) necesariamente surge de la ontología discipli-
nar y de la concurrencia interdisciplinaria y multidisciplinaria, en tanto la visión de com-
plementariedad traduce una concepción emergente de racionalidad científica que conduce
a superar los límites de las realidades ingenuas desde nuestros pensamientos y de este
modo ensanchar y enriquecer la ciencia
26
.
It is a formidable challenge for the academic and scientific community dedicated to building know-
ledge to transcend the archetypes and prevailing criteria of paradigms governed by simplicity and
the denotative nature of language. The pristine idea should be to delve into the interstices of nou-
menal, phenomenal, noospheric, and hologogic reality, which, in principle, are uncertain, unknown,
and advance into the paths of an intriguing, unknown, hallucinatory, and enlightening journey.
It is imperative to recognize the presence of a Supreme Being in our lives to access the intricacies
of knowledge. For He, almighty, through the Holy Spirit, breathes His gifts of Wisdom, Intelli-
gence, and Science into us to understand, explain, transform, and interpret human knowledge,
which is immeasurable. Therefore, it must be acknowledged that knowledge is valuable but
never separates us from God; hence, we must ask the Holy Spirit, -who invites us to experience
great things-, to allow us to live in these constructive processes of interdisciplinary understanding
in humility, fraternity, never in vanity and division.
25
Our translation: ...understand that we are working with constructions that transcend disciplinary boundaries.
26
Our translation: ...every reasoning and argumentation (...) necessarily arises from disciplinary ontology and in-
terdisciplinary and multidisciplinary concurrence, as the vision of complementarity reflects an emerging conception
of scientific rationality that leads to overcoming the limits of naive realities from our thoughts and thus expanding
and enriching science.
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Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
Likewise, it is prudent, as a human being, to invoke humility so that we do not boast of things
we do not possess, for it is just to recognize our limitations. Therefore, it is necessary and com-
mendable to acknowledge our ignorance, just as Socrates did, who …se había dado cuenta de
lo lejos que estaba de ser sabio, de que no sabía nada”
27
(Popper, 2001: 1). The more we know
or learn, the more we realize how little we know in the universe of science and how much we
are ignorant of many, many things. Therefore,
Popper (2001: 1) will say, “…debemos hoy seguir
construyendo nuestra filosofía del conocimiento sobre la tesis de nuestra falta de conocimiento,
en defensa de la tolerancia, y de principios éticos”
28
. These issues should be foundational in the
elaboration of a doctoral research.
As a corollary of contingency and provisionality, I must present this reflection: the elaboration
of knowledge today must be permeated by the emerging paradigms of interdisciplinarity and
complexity. There must be an awareness of the impactful importance for science of knowledge
produced through dialectics, even of trialectics or discursive polyangularity, to be truly subs-
tantive in scientific progress. Likewise, the generation of a theory must be grounded in new ca-
tegories, new typologies, and conceptualizations that allow linguistically expressing the relational
syntax in a different way. As
Morin et al. rightly state (2002: 20): “En la perspectiva compleja, la
teoría está engranada, y el método, para ser puesto en funcionamiento, necesita estrategia, ini-
ciativa, invención, arte. Se establece una relación recursiva entre método y teoría. El método, ge-
nerado por la teoría, la regenera”
29
.
With regard to what must be considered as the theory emerging in a doctoral research as an
intellectual action of great scope and depth. In this dissertation, I conceive theory as the cate-
gorical and notional elaborations that allow for explaining, understanding, interpreting, and re-
signifying the multirelationality, transparented in reality, whether noumenal, phenomenal,
noospheric, or hologogic, through transtextuality, transdisciplinarity, and resemantization in the
multiperspectivity that characterizes the complex and complexifying thinking of the cognizant
subject: the researcher.
It is imperative - as a digression - to clarify the term 'hologogic'; its semiotic ascription is found
in hologogy. According to
Barrera (2013: 1), he expresses:
27
Our translation: ...realized how far he was from being wise, that he knew nothing".
28
Our translation: ...today we must continue to build our philosophy of knowledge on the thesis of our lack of
knowledge, in defense of tolerance and ethical principles.
29
Our translation: In the complex perspective, theory is interconnected, and the method, to be operationalized,
requires strategy, initiative, invention, and art. A recursive relationship is established between method and theory.
The method, generated by theory, regenerates it.
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La hologogía corresponde a la comprensión del quehacer profesional y educativo vista
como continuum, a partir de la concepción integral, holista del ser humano, en corres-
pondencia con diversos aspectos existenciales a ser tenidos en cuenta, tales como la con-
dición espaciotemporal, el sentido de la vida, la particularidad de cada quien, la
universalidad de los propósitos humanos, los valores...
30
Having described the disciplinary and multidisciplinary aspects within the framework of com-
municating knowledge generated from the research on the cognizable object, it is now appro-
priate to delve into another element that must be part of the doctoral discourse in the realization
of the investigative report. These are multiperspectivity and multicontextuality.
Multiperspectivity and Multicontextuality
It must be understood that the existence and presence of multiperspectivity and multicontex-
tuality will transform the conventional construction of knowledge. A single perspective, a single
path, reduces and limits a more enriched understanding of the investigated phenomenon. In
this sense, it is necessary to overcome the axiom that one has profound expertise in a specific
area of knowledge, to embrace the commitment and awareness of a plural, extensive knowledge
achieved through the skilled study of interdisciplinarity. Otherwise, if the elaborative processes
of knowledge construction are not reversed through doctoral research, we will continue to be
social reproducers of knowledge; the presented content will always be a reflection of what others
have elaborated, leaving prevailing epistemologies untouched.
In the present times, the term “la multiperspectividad, como una forma de reconocimiento de
las diferencias entre los distintos grupos humanos”
31
(Souza, 2015: 88). Based on this eidetic
premise, multiperspectivity can be understood as diverse representations aimed at a deep and
complex recreation, providing multiple perspectives on the object of knowledge. This gives rise
to different and complex narratives that can support the researcher in describing the knowledge
constructed about the object of study, as manifested in the investigative report.
Therefore, in the investigative reports of doctoral theses, a multiperspectival narrative should
be encouraged, as expressed by Fekete (2008:1):
30
Our translation: Hologogy corresponds to the understanding of professional and educational activities seen as
a continuum, based on the integral, holistic conception of the human being, in correspondence with various exis-
tential aspects to be taken into account, such as spatiotemporal condition, the meaning of life, individual unique-
ness, the universality of human purposes, values...
31
Our translation: multiperspectivity' is mentioned as a form of recognition of differences among various human
groups.
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Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
…the relationship between narration and perspectivity, or rather the subjectivity of ex-
periencing reality (“Subjektabhängigkeit von Wirklichkeitserfahrung”) is especially clear
in the case of multiperspectival narration, because in these narratives several versions of
the same events are presented side by side, and thus in such multiperspectival narratives,
the emphasis shifts from the narrated events to the mode of experiencing reality.
Multiperspectivity allows the researcher to consider the “dimensiones relacionales, intersubjetivas
y microsociales”
32
of a specific and given phenomenon (Larkin et al. 2019: 183). Therefore, when
the doctoral researcher has to craft the narrative of their investigation, materialized in the doc-
toral thesis, they must address and, moreover, explain the multiple relationships that have emer-
ged in their approach to the cognizable object. These are the multiple perspectives that they
must grasp, stemming from a reflection on the investigated phenomenon.
This multiperspectivity is linked to multicontextuality. And when crafting a narrative from multi-
plicity, undoubtedly, the counterpart of multiperspectivity must be kept in mind: multicontextuality.
On one hand, multicontextuality involves accounting for the existence of an entity in various en-
vironments; that is, reference is made to different places. These can be situated in the physical,
biological, cognitive, social, historical, linguistic realms, and this cannot be disregarded in the na-
rrative of doctoral elaborations. On the other hand, a multicontextual view calls for developing
an understanding that human beings also possess various perspectives, nuances, circumstances,
or facets in their existence that can intersect and, at times, may appear assumed.
Therefore, from multicontextuality, the elaboration of the doctoral research report should pro-
vide guidance that explains all these circumstances surrounding the findings and the theory
being presented. In this regard, what Ibarra expressed (as cited in Valle & Rodríguez, 2012: 8)
becomes evident: “…explains that multicontextuality is an ability to think and function in multiple
languages and literacies, contexts or cognitive styles, in order to respond to current trends in
economic, civic, and personal spheres”. So, it must be understood that the multicontextual is a
mixture, an integration of diverse and varied contexts that interrelate cognitively to craft a na-
rrative. These two dimensions must be present in the elaboration of a doctoral thesis. Conse-
quently, the discursive vision of this creative act, based on research, will change.
Complexity: Prevalent Criterion in Doctoral Narrative
As an introduction to this aspect, I must mention that the researcher aspiring to obtain a doctoral
degree must undoubtedly modify their cognitive approach to the ontological, epistemological, and
methodological aspects regarding the knowledge gap of the studied phenomenon. This will serve
as the basis for the construction of their subsequent narrative. So, the question arises: How to trans-
cend methodical simplism and linear discursive construction in doctoral-level research?
32
Our translation: dimensiones relacionales, intersubjetivas y microsociales”
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Firstly, it must be stated that the researcher must detach and free themselves, according to
(Balza, 2020: 55), from:
…una perspectiva epistemológica que obstruye y empobrece todo intento de razón plural
y argumentación trascendente. [Dado que] (…) la mirada disciplinaria luce como una
perspectiva epistemológica restringida e insuficiente para nutrir la ciencia de nuevos va-
lores y poder disfrutar de sus riquezas, pues es un posicionamiento que ahoga los espacios
de comprensión global y de reflexión profunda
33
.
So, by consciously, reflectively, and critically unlearning the reductionist patterns of paradigms
and epistemologies that are untouchable, immovable – as intactness, inviolability does not allow
the progress of the scientific status – then, one can have a different approach to knowledge
about the knowable object. Regarding the ontology of the object of knowledge, it must be de-
fined based on categorical pairs, in oppositum.
In line with this,
Contreras (2017: 12) notes: “Una ilustración de los pares categoriales (…) -sin
que se tome como una formulación inalterable- [los cuales permitirán] realizar una precisión on-
tológica del objeto de estudio son los siguientes”
34
:
It can also draw support from the categories developed by Immanuel Kant. The crucial aspect is
that, based on this antipodal circumstance, the researcher can choose one category from each
categorical pair and thus define the object of knowledge according to the selected category.
A word of caution: the ontology of the object of knowledge should not be confused with the
ontology of the research.
In this scenario, it will no longer be exclusively about the ontological reference of the object
of knowledge or the object of research – I clarify that I make a distinction between these
Categorical pairs in oppositum
Simple / Complex Abstract / Concrete Finite / Infinite Variable / Invariable
Real / Uneal (or ideal) Dinámic /Static Formal / Informal Possible / Impossible
Permanent / Eventual Continuous / Discontinuous Singular / Plural ... / ...
33
Our translation: ...an epistemological perspective that obstructs and impoverishes any attempt at plural re-
asoning and transcendent argumentation. [Given that] (...) the disciplinary view appears as a restricted and insuf-
ficient epistemological perspective to enrich science with new values and enjoy its riches, as it is a stance that
stifles the spaces for global understanding and deep reflection.
34
Our translation: An illustration of the categorical pairs (...)—without being taken as an unalterable formula-
tion—[which will allow] for an ontological clarification of the object of study is as follows:
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
80
Adrián Filiberto Contreras Colmenares
meanings regarding the object of study, a term of my own choice and convenience for un-
dergraduate, specialization, and master's levels. Instead, cognitive exploration must focus its
reflective point on the theoretical framework, where the “interproblemáticas (…) [que han de
ser explicadas, comprendidas, resignificadas, y de hacerse] desde la multiperspectividad de po-
sibilidades paradigmáticas y epistemológicas para pensar libremente lo que se desea conocer
35
(Balza, 2020: 53).
That is the intellectual task of the researcher that must be applied, first in their approach to the
object of knowledge, and second, in the narrative of their doctoral thesis. It must be, as men-
tioned above, part of the poiesis (of creation), through which they can paint on the cognitive
canvas the theoretical formulation, the falsifiability of a theory, the theoretical comparability, the
formalization of a theory, and, with an interdisciplinary - even transdisciplinary - and complex
criterion, redefine, reinterpret, understand, and/or theoretically explain the phenomenon, the
object of research.
In this perspective, one arrives at the construction of knowledge, with the emerging disruption
of a theory. And, regarding this term, it must be taken into account that:
Una teoría no es el conocimiento, permite el conocimiento. Una teoría no es una llegada,
es la posibilidad de una partida. Una teoría no es una solución, es la posibilidad de tratar
un problema. Una teoría solo cumple su papel cognitivo, solo adquiere vida, con el pleno
empleo de la actividad mental del sujeto (Morin et al. 2002: 20)
36
.
In the foregoing, the central and emphatic point is the appreciation seen in the development
of a theory, which will allow the consolidation of knowledge about the object of the doctoral
research. In this way, one will be thinking about having a different perspective on the metho-
dology, which must allow for the reorientation and evaluation, from an interdisciplinary and
complex standpoint, of the approach to the object of knowledge.
Therefore, it is fitting, timely, necessary, and quite significant to prioritize the criterion of under-
pinning all research.…desde la multirreferencialidad y [desde] la interproblematicidad subyacente
en el sintagma relacional (…) hacia una fusión de horizontes del conocimiento para el encuentro
con lo transdisciplinario
37
(Balza, 2010, as quoted in Balza, 2020: 58), so as to allow for an expla-
natory/comprehensive or a comprehensive/explanatory approach, as well as a diatopic and ecosophic
hermeneutics, of the phenomena that are part of the consciousness and interest of the researcher.
35
Our translation: interproblematics (...) [need to be explained, understood, redefined, and approached] from the
multiperspectivity of paradigmatic and epistemological possibilities to freely think about what one wishes to know.
36
Our translation: A theory is not knowledge; it enables knowledge. A theory is not a destination; it is the possibility
of a departure. A theory is not a solution; it is the possibility of addressing a problem. A theory only fulfills its cog-
nitive role, only comes to life, with the full engagement of the subject's mental activity (Morin et al. 2002: 20).
Postgrado virtual sobre paradigmas de investigación: una experiencia cubana en tiempos de pandemia
81
It is supported, reaffirmed, and underscored, then, …la teoría no es nada sin el método, la teoría
casi se confunde con el método o más bien teoría y método son los dos componentes indispen-
sables del conocimiento complejo
38
(Morin et al. 2002: 21). Therefore, the researcher must trans-
cend methodological simplicity and linear discursive construction, which could characterize their
doctoral research work, to navigate new paths, new epistemological and transontological ho-
rizons. This must be reshaped from and within a new transtheoretical, transtheorizing, and even
transdisciplinary phenomenological reality, embracing interdisciplinarity. And it must be so be-
cause, in the current context: “Definitivamente, vivimos atrapados en una cultura investigativa
disciplinaria y monometódica para la construcción de la ciencia…
39
(A.M. Balza Laya, personal
communication, in Transdisciplinary Brushstrokes, October 18, 2022).
With these premises, when it comes to a doctoral research, there must be a different intellectual
reconfiguration. In this, the transformative vision and complex thinking that the thesis director
(supervisor) possesses are important to support the ideas of the researcher aspiring to be a
doctor. Therefore, as asserted by
Balza (2020: 54):
…un candidato a doctor, o un doctor en formación debe ser un investigador permanente, un
internauta, un crítico, un hermeneuta dialéctico para abordar (sic) la realidad; transitarla
desde sus pensamientos y, de este modo, poder viajar de lo simple a lo complejo, de lo dis-
ciplinario a lo transdisciplinario, de la certeza a la incertidumbre; es decir, movilizarse desde
la lógica científica formal hacia una nueva lógica cognitiva de naturaleza relacional y recon-
figuracional
40
.
Without criticism, without the transformative vision of science, without adherence to dialectics
as a discursive and reflective strategy, there will be no possibility of leaving the confines of a li-
near logic, -whose use is not dislocated-, but serves only as a drive to provoke the emergence
of “una nueva lógica cognitiva de naturaleza relacional y reconfiguracional”
41
(Balza, 2020: 99).
Therefore, a profound understanding of epistemological transformation and its respective met-
hods must be developed. Morin et al. (2002: 26) will underscore: “El método es también un ejer-
cicio de resistencia espiritual organizada, que como quería Adorno, implica un ejercicio
37
Our translation: ...from the multireferentiality and the underlying interproblematicity in the relational phrasing
(...) towards a fusion of knowledge horizons for the encounter with the transdisciplinary.
38
Our translation: ...theory is nothing without method; theory almost merges with the method, or rather, theory
and method are the two indispensable components of complex knowledge.
39
Our translation: Definitely, we live trapped in a disciplinary and monothematic research culture for the construc-
tion of science...
40
Our translation: A doctoral candidate, or a candidate in training for a doctorate, must be a permanent researcher,
an explorer, a critic, a dialectical hermeneutic to approach reality; to traverse it from their thoughts and, in this
way, be able to journey from the simple to the complex, from the disciplinary to the transdisciplinary, from certainty
to uncertainty; that is, to move from formal scientific logic to a new cognitive logic of a relational and reconfigu-
rational nature.
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ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
82
Rosa María Medina Borges y Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
permanente contra la ceguera y el anquilosamiento generado por las convenciones y clichés acu-
ñados por la organización social”
42
.
In this approach, the idea of spiritual reconnection related to the method underlies, but it also
needs to be linked with knowledge. In this regard, mention must be made of Bacon's thought
(1625: 1), expressed as follows: "It is true that a little Philosophy inclineth man's mind to atheism;
but depth in Philosophy bringeth men's minds about to Religion." Thus, the researcher should
not forget one of the inherent characteristics of being human: the act of reconnecting. This con-
nection or bond with a Supreme Being, whatever the denomination.
Therefore, researchers engaging in doctoral studies and all those who peer through the lattice
of knowledge, using complex, interdisciplinary, and methodical dialectical processes, must have
a disruptive epistemological vision to construct knowledge. In line with this, as Méndez proposes
(2003, as cited in Balza, 2020: 99):
…el aspirante a doctor debe situarse en los limites explicativos, interpretativos o predictivos
de las teorías, paradigmas, metodologías y campos disciplinarios existentes en torno al
problema o problemáticas estudiadas, para que pueda superarlas generándose saltos
cualitativos en el conocimiento científico
43
.
And with this perspective, the method must be appreciated as a support and as the work
of an intelligent being that experiments with strategies, grounded in new epistemologies,
so as to respond to the multiplicity of questions that are part of uncertainties. It must, the-
refore, free itself from rigidity, from being overly manual, and from established frameworks
to comprehend and proceduralize it with a new perspective. There is, therefore, not a single
way to understand uncertainty, and even less so if it is thought of as something program-
matic.
En este sentido, reducir el método a programa es creer que existe una forma a priori para
eliminar la incertidumbre. Método es, por (…) tanto, aquello que sirve para aprender y a
la vez es aprendizaje. Es aquello que nos permite conocer el conocimiento. Por todo ello,
como afirmaba Gaston Bachelard, todo discurso del método es un discurso de circuns-
tancias. No existe un método fuera de las condiciones en las que se encuentra el sujeto
41
Our translation: a new cognitive logic of relational and reconfigurational nature'.
42
Our translation: The method is also an exercise in organized spiritual resistance, which, as Adorno desired, in-
volves a continuous effort against the blindness and stagnation generated by the conventions and clichés coined
by social organization."
43
Our translation: The doctoral candidate must position themselves at the explanatory, interpretative, or predictive
boundaries of existing theories, paradigms, methodologies, and disciplinary fields related to the studied problem
or problems, in order to surpass them and generate qualitative leaps in scientific knowledge.
Postgrado virtual sobre paradigmas de investigación: una experiencia cubana en tiempos de pandemia
83
(Morin et al. 2002: 25)
44
.
All of this, with the intentionality of a provisional and contingent thought, can be said to be con-
venient, timely, and necessary to transcend the simplicity in the use of a method and the linear
discursive construction of research at the doctoral level. Therefore, to achieve this transcendence,
science must be approached with an open, reflective mind and cognitive confrontation with and
from the knowing subject. In this way, a disruptive epistemology can be embraced to conduct re-
search that destabilizes the prevailing status in the execution of doctoral investigations. It becomes
necessary to comprehend other relational, discursive, dialectical, complex, and transdisciplinary
syntagms to break through with new discursive forms interwoven in linguistic polyangularity.
Finally, it is imperative to understand the development of a discourse characterized and supported
by interdisciplinarity and complexity. This discourse should also integrate multiperspectivity and
multicontextuality. Moreover, there should be a different assessment of the ontological, episte-
mological, and methodological aspects in line with the requirements of emerging epistemologies.
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del método es un discurso de circunstancias. No existe un método fuera de las condiciones en las que se encuentra
el sujeto (Morin, Ciurana y Motta, 2002: 25).
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 63-85
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Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 63-85
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
Exploring the relationship between
educational involvement
and school performance
at the early education level
Explorando la relación entre la participación
educativa y el rendimiento escolar
en el nivel de educación inicial
To cite: Hincapié, B. S. M., Maldonado, D. E. Belisario, E. R.. (2024). Exploring the relationship between
educational involvement and school performance at the early education level.
Digital Journal of
Research and Postgraduate Studies, 5(9), 87-98. https://doi.org/10.59654/tjeaex60
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 87-98
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
Estela Maldonado Duran**
https:orcid.org/0009-0003-7427-9723
San José del Guaviare, El Guaviare / Colombia
Sandra Milena Hincapié Bernal*
https:orcid.org/ 0009-0006-0511-9870
San José del Guaviare, El Guaviare / Colombia
Edni Rosalba Belisario***
https:orcid.org/ 0009-0009-7423-5295
San José del Guaviare, El Guaviare / Colombia
Received: September/6/2023 Reviewed: September/26/2023 Accepted: November/8/2023 Published: Enero/10/2024
* Specialist in Educational Play, Juan de Castellanos University, Bucaramanga - Colombia. El Cristal educa-
tional institution, municipality of San José del Guaviare. Contact email: samidamas29@hotmail.com
** Specialist in Educational Informatics, University of Santander, Colombia. El Retiro educational institution:
municipality of San José del Guaviare. Contact email: estelimd05@hotmail.com
** Specialist in Educational Play, Juan de Castellanos University, Bucaramanga - Colombia. Primary Basic Teacher,
Caño Blanco Educational Institution 2. Contact email: ednibelisario-72@hotmail.com
https://doi.org/10.59654/tjeaex60
87
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
88
Sandra Milena Hincapi Bernal, Estela Maldonado Duran and Edni Rosalba Belisario
Abstract
This scientific article investigates the intrinsic relationship between educational involvement and
school performance, with a special focus on the influence of parents, caregivers, and the com-
munity in the educational process. A comprehensive definition of educational involvement is
provided, highlighting its importance in fostering collaboration between families and schools.
Various forms of involvement are explored, ranging from attending school meetings to colla-
borating in academic activities. A thorough review of diverse research underscores the positive
impacts of educational involvement on students' academic achievement, establishing a direct
correlation between increased involvement and better school performance. However, contextual
factors that can modulate this connection, such as socioeconomic status and the school envi-
ronment, are acknowledged. The article also delves into the pivotal role played by educational
involvement in academic performance, as well as the factors that influence the success of such
involvement and its impact on school performance..
Keyword
Educational involvement, school performance, early education, family-school colla-
boration, and educational participation.
Resumen
El artículo científico investiga la relación intrínseca entre la participación educativa y el rendi-
miento escolar, con un enfoque especial en la influencia de padres, cuidadores y la comunidad
en el proceso educativo. Se proporciona una definición integral de la participación educativa,
destacando su importancia para fomentar la colaboración entre la familia y la escuela. Se ex-
ploran diversas manifestaciones de participación, desde la asistencia a reuniones escolares hasta
la cooperación en actividades académicas. La revisión exhaustiva de investigaciones diversas
subraya los impactos positivos de la participación educativa en el logro académico de los es-
tudiantes, estableciendo una correlación directa entre una mayor participación y un mejor de-
sempeño escolar. Sin embargo, se reconocen los factores contextuales que pueden modular
esta conexión, como el estatus socioeconómico y el entorno escolar. El artículo también pro-
fundiza en el papel fundamental que desempeña la participación educativa en el rendimiento
académico, así como en los factores que influyen en el éxito de dicha participación y su impacto
en el rendimiento escolar.
Palabras claves: Participación educativa, rendimiento escolar, educación inicial, colaboración
familia-escuela y participación educativa.
Introduction
Parental involvement in their children's education is a topic of great importance today. Numerous
studies have demonstrated that collaboration between parents and teachers can significantly
enhance students' academic performance and overall development. This article addresses the
relationship between educational involvement and school performance at the early education
89
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ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
level. Different approaches and strategies are presented that parents and teachers can utilize
to encourage active parental participation in their children's educational process. Additionally,
the benefits of effective communication among parents, teachers, and students are discussed,
along with highlighting practices that can be implemented to enhance the educational quality
for students. This article serves as a valuable tool for parents, teachers, and anyone interested
in enhancing children's education at the early education level.
Educational Involvement of Parents and Caregivers of Children
The involvement of parents or parental participation in school education constitutes a valuable
strategy to elevate educational quality. According to
Driessen et al. (2005), this involvement ex-
pands the cognitive and social capacities of students. The terms used to refer to this participation
vary: "parental involvement," "parent participation," "educational collaboration," and "parental
engagement," as mentioned by these authors. On the other hand,
Hujala et al. (2009) describe
it as a collaboration between parents and teachers, while
Alasuutari (2010) refers to it as rela-
tionships between parents and professionals.
Following the same line, according to
Delgado (2019), “la participación de los padres en el pro-
ceso educativo implica que tanto maestros como padres compartan la responsabilidad de educar
a los alumnos y colaboren para alcanzar los objetivos educativos” (parr. 1)
1
. Uludağ (2008) defines
parental involvement as the collaboration between parents and teachers in a child's learning.
However, the term is complex due to divergent perspectives mentioned by Rapp & Duncan
(2012), who point out that there are differing opinions among teachers and parents. Regarding
this matter,
Anderson & Minke (2007) suggest that teachers consider involvement to be active
in school, while for parents, involvement in their children's learning could mean providing what
they need in their educational institution.
From our perspective, an education based on shared responsibility is required, involving both
educators and parents, transcending the exclusive responsibility of teachers, the educational ins-
titution, and the State. Educational involvement encompasses active and committed collaboration
among parents, caregivers, community members, and the educational institution. Its objective is
to enrich students' educational experience and improve their academic performance.
This topic has been extensively addressed in scientific research. In this regard,
Blanco & Uma-
yahara (2004) pointed out that there are three approaches through which parental involvement
is addressed. One of them evaluates the relationship between family-school collaboration and
improved educational performance in elementary school children. Others place fundamental
importance on parents, mothers, caregivers, and the community during the early years, con-
Exploring the relationship between educational involvement and
school performance at the early education level
1
Our translation: The involvement of parents in the educational process implies that both teachers and parents
share the responsibility of educating students and collaborate to achieve educational objectives.
90
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
Sandra Milena Hincapi Bernal, Estela Maldonado Duran and Edni Rosalba Belisario
sidering that quality education translates to enhanced child learning development. However,
it is also argued that the family has the potential to expand the scope of primary education.
According to
Blanco & Umayahara (2004), family involvement in education implies “opinar,
tomar ciertas decisiones, proponer y disentir en los diversos espacios de la institución educativa”
(p. 26)
2
. Therefore, the act of participating goes beyond merely attending school meetings, pro-
viding contributions to educational institutions, or volunteering in the institution. In this sense,
mothers have the opportunity to approach institutions and establish direct contact with teachers
to better understand how they can support their children's education, which not only improves
children's living conditions but also significantly contributes to their learning process.
The contribution of parents or mothers can manifest in various ways by providing support to
their children's education. According to
Silinkas & Kikas (2019), parents or caregivers have the
possibility to complete school tasks or assignments together with children, establishing a con-
ducive learning environment at home. On the other hand,
Benner et al. (2016) point out that
parents can play an active role by providing stimulation and educational enrichment activities,
thus promoting the holistic development of their children beyond the classroom. Additionally,
collaboration in parent-teacher organizations is also a significant form of involvement, as it
strengthens the connection between school and home, promoting a more robust and beneficial
educational environment for students.
One of them involves establishing a daily structure that includes dedicated study and exploration
time, resulting in the creation of a stable routine for children. Furthermore, in line with these
support strategies, it is essential to share the experience of reading by practicing reading books
together and engaging in conversations about the stories to cultivate a love for reading. At the
same time, by engaging children in conversations about a variety of topics, their vocabulary
can be expanded, and the development of critical thinking can be fostered, known as "Mea-
ningful Conversations." These practices, supported by
Silinkas & Kikas (2019) and Benner et al.
(2016)
, reinforce the fundamental role of parents in education and the holistic growth of their
children.
On the other hand, a connection with nature can be a valuable means to stimulate children's
curiosity by exploring the environment through outdoor outings. Active involvement extends
to practical activities such as cooking, measuring, and building together, allowing the application
of mathematical and scientific concepts in real situations. Additionally, artistic expression can
be encouraged by involving children in activities like drawing, painting, and crafts. Support in
school tasks when needed promotes the child's autonomy, and supervising and selecting online
educational resources are also part of the process. All these concrete actions by parents signi-
ficantly contribute to the education and comprehensive growth of children.
2
Our translation: opining, making certain decisions, proposing, and dissenting in various spaces within the edu-
cational institution.
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Fundamental Role of Educational Involvement in Academic Performance
From our perspective, educational involvement has a significant impact on students' academic
performance. According to the study by
Topor et al. (2010), it is concluded that children whose
parents are more engaged in their education achieve a higher level of academic performance
compared to those whose parents are less involved.
Therefore, according to
Sánchez et al. (2010), the level of parents' participation and satisfaction
serves as an indicator of the quality of the educational system. This aspect possibly constitutes
one of the reasons why a connection is established between parental involvement and academic
performance. In this relationship, it is relevant to cite authors like
Castro et al. (2015) who assert
that without positive cooperation between the family and the school, it is not possible to meet
the high standards set for educational outcomes by a demanding society.
On the other hand,
Jeynes (2016) found a significant relationship between overall parental in-
volvement programs and academic performance, both for younger and older students. Like-
wise, Rogers et al. (2009) maintain that the effects of parental involvement are mediated by
children's academic competence. These studies confirm the interactive influences of parental
educational involvement and children's personal characteristics in predicting school perfor-
mance.
In this sense, the active participation of parents and caregivers in education shows students
that they have support and value in their learning process. This can increase their motivation
to achieve optimal academic performance, as they perceive their efforts to be recognized
and appreciated. As
Rodríguez (2016) argues: "los padres son los mejores agentes para ayudar
a sus hijos" (p. 2) in developing their skills and cultivating a sense of satisfaction and motiva-
tion.
It is important to note that parents, caregivers, or guardians who actively participate in their
children's education often set clear expectations regarding academic achievements and behavior.
This approach can help students understand the relevance of education and strive for higher
goals. Likewise, parental involvement allows for closer monitoring of students' academic pro-
gress, enabling them to identify areas where a student may need additional support and take
action to address those needs in a timely manner.
In this context, communication among parents, teachers, and students plays a crucial role in
understanding students' strengths and weaknesses. Parents can provide valuable information
about their children's needs and personality, which in turn enables teachers to adapt their pe-
dagogical approach and address those needs effectively. In relation to this,
Zambrano et al.
(2019)
state that “una comunicación sólida en el seno familiar para establecer vínculos fuertes,
Exploring the relationship between educational involvement and
school performance at the early education level
3
Our translation: parents are the best agents to help their children.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
92
Sandra Milena Hincapi Bernal, Estela Maldonado Duran and Edni Rosalba Belisario
no confundidos con un régimen riguroso de disciplina, sino más bien un entorno saludable donde
prime la confianza y el respeto (p. 141).
When parents actively participate in their children's learning process, they can provide additional
support outside the classroom, assist with assignments and projects, and offer explanations and
clarifications when necessary, thereby reinforcing learning and improving comprehension of
concepts. Additionally, involved parents can detect academic or behavioral problems at an early
stage, allowing them to address these issues before they become significant obstacles to aca-
demic performance.
Educational involvement is also related to creating a positive learning environment at home.
Parents can foster a love for learning, provide educational resources, and establish routines that
support academic success. Furthermore, students often emulate the behavior of adults in their
lives. If they see their parents caring about education and actively participating in it, they are
more likely to value and engage in their own learning.
Moderating Factors of Educational Involvement and Academic Performance
Moderating factors play a crucial role in the relationship between educational involvement and
academic performance. Moderating factors are variables that influence the strength or direction
of this relationship. Among them, the following can be mentioned:
Socioeconomic Level: The socioeconomic level of parents can moderate the relationship
between educational involvement and academic performance. In families of higher so-
cioeconomic status, it is more likely that resources and support are available for students,
which could intensify the positive effects of parental involvement. According to
León &
Collahua (2016), el nivel socioeconómico de las familias incide de manera positiva y sig-
nificativa en el rendimiento de los estudiantes” (p. 120). In contrast, the findings of Kor-
zeniowski (2016)
corroborated that a lower socioeconomic level has a negative influence
on children's academic performance.
Culture and Ethnicity: Cultural and ethnic differences can influence how educational
involvement is understood and carried out. Some cultures may value more direct par-
ticipation in education, while others may prefer a more indirect approach. These cultural
differences can moderate the relationship between involvement and performance. Stu-
dies by
Miranda & Castillo (2016) have confirmed that families belonging to an indige-
4
Our translation: solid communication within the family is needed to establish strong bonds, not confused with a
strict regime of discipline, but rather a healthy environment where trust and respect prevail.
5
Our translation: the socioeconomic level of families positively and significantly impacts students' performance.
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 87-98
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
93
nous ethnicity have a high rate of support and educational involvement compared to
those not belonging to any ethnicity.
School Support: The quality of the school environment and the degree of collaboration
between the school and parents can moderate the influence of educational involvement
on performance. A favorable school environment can amplify the positive effects of pa-
rental involvement.
Lastre et al. (2017), Barbar & Coronel (2022), and Serrano & Figueroa
(2016), Peña & Taboada (2018) state that children whose parents accompany them, pro-
vide feedback, and show interest in their school life tend to achieve higher levels of aca-
demic performance. When parents maintain effective communication, participate in
school activities, monitor progress, and have high educational aspirations for their chil-
dren, these children achieve notably superior academic performance.
Parents' Educational Level: The parents' educational level can moderate the influence
of their involvement in their children's education. In this line, research conducted by
Ro-
dríguez & Guzmán (2019) and Espejel & Jiménez (2019) highlight that parents with higher
educational levels possibly have better tools to provide academic support and more ef-
fectively understand their children's needs.
Parenting Style: Parenting style, including the combination of authority, support, and
control, can moderate the relationship between parental involvement and academic
performance. Parenting styles that promote autonomy and responsibility are often as-
sociated with positive academic outcomes.
Ortiz & Moreno (2016) argue that parenting
style determines whether academic performance is good or poor.
Access to Resources: The availability of resources at home, such as books, technology,
and a suitable study space, can moderate how parental involvement impacts school per-
formance. Available resources can influence the effectiveness of the educational support
parents can provide. However, as
Gubbins & Ibarra (2016) assert, this resource availability
is related to socioeconomic level; if income and cultural capital are low, there is less edu-
cational involvement, which impacts children's academic performance.
Emotional and Social Support: The emotional and social support that students receive
in the family environment can influence the relationship between parental involvement
and academic performance. An environment that provides emotional support and se-
curity can lay the foundation for more effective learning and better educational achie-
vement. Research conducted by
Silinkas & Kikas (2019) supports the idea that parental
support becomes emotional support when requested by children.
On the other hand, studies conducted by
Hakyemez & colleagues (2018) explain that a
strong interaction between parents and teachers can have a significant impact on chil-
dren's academic performance, improving various aspects of their development and their
ability to adapt, as well as their psychological well-being during early childhood. Addi-
Exploring the relationship between educational involvement and
school performance at the early education level
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
94
Sandra Milena Hincapi Bernal, Estela Maldonado Duran and Edni Rosalba Belisario
tionally, according to Bronfenbrenner (1987), these interactions positively contribute to
children's socioemotional and cognitive development.
Parental Work Flexibility: The ability of parents to be present and engaged in their chil-
dren's education can be influenced by their work flexibility. Parents with more flexible
schedules may have more opportunities to actively participate in the educational pro-
cess. Studies by
Kim (2020) confirm that work flexibility can contribute to promoting in-
teractions between parents and children by improving the coordination between work
and family responsibilities and, consequently, with their children's education.
Alzahrani
et al. (2019)
mention “el desarrollo de estas habilidades socioemocionales llevará a me-
jores resultados escolares, una adaptación más efectiva al aprendizaje futuro, mayor
bienestar y la capacidad para gestionar comportamientos positivos” (p. 148).
School Communication and Collaboration: The relationship between the school and pa-
rents can influence how parental involvement impacts performance. Effective communication
and collaboration between the school and parents can enhance the benefits of educational
engagement. According to
Western Governors University (2021), when a student's family can
communicate with their child's teacher, both parties can work together to establish a rela-
tionship and create an optimal learning environment, both at home and at school.
Conclusions
After conducting the analysis of the relationship between educational involvement and 1
academic performance at the early education level, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
Active parental involvement in their children's education is essential for improving aca-2
demic performance and the holistic development of students. Parents can collaborate
with teachers in planning educational activities and assessing their children's progress.
Effective communication among parents, teachers, and students is key to fostering edu-3
cational involvement. Parents should be informed about their children's academic pro-
gress, and teachers should be willing to listen to parents' concerns and suggestions.
Shared reading and meaningful conversations are practices that parents can implement 4
to foster a love for reading and the development of critical thinking in their children.
These practices have been supported by scientific studies and can be used from an early
age.
6
Our translation: that the development of these socioemotional skills will lead to better school results, more effective
adaptation to future learning, greater well-being, and the ability to manage positive behaviors.
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 87-98
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
95
Collaboration between parents and teachers can be beneficial for students with special 5
needs. Parents can provide valuable information about their children's needs, and tea-
chers can adapt educational activities to meet those needs.
Community involvement in children's education is also important. Parents and teachers 6
can work together to engage the community in educational activities and promote the
significance of education in society.
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Sandra Milena Hincapi Bernal, Estela Maldonado Duran and Edni Rosalba Belisario
Empowering Secondary Education:
Strategies for Developing
Emotional Intelligence
in the Classroom
Potenciando la Educación Secundaria:
Estrategias de desarrollo de inteligencia
emocional en el aula
* Magister en Gestión de la Tecnología Educativa, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga - Colombia.
Institución Educativa, San Francisco de Asís, Bucaramanga - Colombia, Docente del área de Tecnología e Infor-
mática. E-mail: aduartesuescun@gmail.com
** Magister en Gestión de la Tecnología Educativa, UDES - Bucaramanga - Colombia. Institución Educativa, San
Francisco de Asís, Bucaramanga. Directivo Docente–Coordinadora. IE San Francisco de Asís, Bucaramanga - Co-
lombia. E-mail: andreaprada111@gmail.com
*** Magister en Gestión de la Tecnología Educativa, UDES - Colombia. Docente de Matemáticas y Ciencias Naturales
Básica. Institución Educativa, Faltriqueras, sede B Granadillo, Piedecuesta. E-mail: barajasmendoza2012@hotmail.com
Received: Agosto/23/2023 Reviewed: Septiembre/07/2023 Apccepte: Octubre/26/2023 Published: Enero/10/2024
How to quote: Duarte, S. A. R., Barajas, M. C. A. & Prada, Q. N. A. (2024). Empowering Secondary
Education: Strategies for Developing Emotional Intelligence in the Classroom. Revista Digital de
Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.59654/2m728d64
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 99-113
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
César Augusto Barajas Mendoza
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9758-5584
Bucaramanga, Santander / Colombia
Alix Rocio Duarte Suescún
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1610-6979
Bucaramanga, Santander / Colombia
Nubia Andrea Prada Quintero
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1389-9113
Bucaramanga, Santander / Colombia
https://doi.org/10.59654/2m728d64
99
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
100
Alix Duarte Suescún, César Augusto Barajas Mendoza and Nubia Andrea Prada Quintero
Abstract
he article focuses on the importance of developing emotional intelligence in high school students.
In this regard, it underscores the need for teachers to concentrate on the development of emo-
tional skills in students, as this can enhance their academic performance and emotional well-
being. It also provides a review of the literature on emotional intelligence and its relationship to
learning, as well as a description of strategies that teachers can use to promote the development
of emotional intelligence in the classroom. Additionally, it highlights the importance of teacher
training on this subject and suggests its inclusion in initial and ongoing training programs.
Keyword:
High school education, emotional intelligence, development, strategies, teacher trai-
ning.
Resumen
El artículo se enfoca en la importancia de desarrollar la inteligencia emocional en los estudiantes
de educación secundaria. En este propósito se destaca la necesidad que los docentes se enfo-
quen en el desarrollo de habilidades emocionales en los estudiantes, ya que esto puede mejorar
su rendimiento académico y su bienestar emocional. Además presenta una revisión de la lite-
ratura sobre la inteligencia emocional y su relación con el aprendizaje, así como una descripción
de las estrategias que los docentes pueden utilizar para fomentar el desarrollo de la inteligencia
emocional en el aula. También destaca la importancia de la formación docente en este tema y
sugiere que se incluya en los programas de formación inicial y continua.
Palabras clave: Educación secundaria, inteligencia emocional, desarrollo, estrategias, formación docente.
Introduction
Emotional intelligence is of utmost importance for learning and the emotional well-being of
students. For this reason, this article offers a review of the literature on the subject. From the
ideas presented, practical strategies are introduced that teachers can use to foster the deve-
lopment of emotional intelligence in the classroom. The importance of establishing a school
environment where values such as respect, trust, love, solidarity, and empathy prevail is high-
lighted.
In fostering emotional intelligence in the classroom, it is important for the teacher to be elo-
quent, that is, to have the ability to communicate ideas and emotions clearly, effectively, and
persuasively, both orally and in writing, in order to inspire students and encourage similar be-
havior in them. Likewise, the teacher must develop their empathetic capacity towards students,
thereby establishing relationships based on trust and respect.
The article also reveals the importance of teacher training in emotional intelligence and suggests
its inclusion in initial and ongoing training programs. In this sense, it serves as a useful guide
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 99-113
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
101
Empowering Secondary Education: Strategies for Developing
Emotional Intelligence in the Classroom
for any teacher wishing to enhance the academic performance and emotional well-being of
their high school students. With valuable information and practical strategies, it is an essential
tool for any educator looking to improve their educational practice and help their students de-
velop important emotional skills.
Definition of Emotional Intelligence
The term "emotional intelligence" was first introduced into academic literature in 1985 by Wayne
in a doctoral thesis titled "A study of emotion: developing emotional intelligence; self-integra-
tion; relating to fear, pain and desire (theory, structure of reality, problem-solving,
contraction/expansion, tuning in/coming out/letting go)". According to
Wayne (1985), it is a
faculty of consciousness. Later,
Salovey & Mayer (1990) published the emotional intelligence
model in their article "Emotional Intelligence" which appeared in "Imagination, Cognition, and
Personality". These authors referred to Howard Gardner's interpersonal intelligence as "emo-
tional intelligence". Mayer and Salovey (1997), as cited by
Mayer et al. (2012, para. 1), state:
"we define emotional intelligence as the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate
emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in oneself
and others."
However, it was Daniel Goleman who truly popularized the concept with the publication of
his 1995 book "Emotional Intelligence". Although
Goleman himself (1996, p. 11) acknowledges:
A Peter Salovey, de Yale, le debo el concepto de Inteligencia emocional”.
1
Goleman (1996, p.
64) argues that emotional intelligence refers to the ability to “Conocer sus propias emociones,
manejar las emociones, la propia motivación, reconocer emociones en los demás y el arte
manejar las relaciones”
2
. Yet, more recently, Goleman (2021, p. 75) revises his definition, sta-
ting:
la inteligencia emocional es la capacidad de motivarnos a nosotros mismos, de perse-
verar en el empeño a pesar de las posibles frustraciones, de controlar nuestros
impulsos, de diferir las gratificaciones, de regular nuestros propios estados de
ánimo, de evitar que la angustia interfiera con nuestras facultades racionales y de em-
patizar y confiar en los demás
3
.
1
Our translation: I owe the concept of Emotional Intelligence to Peter Salovey of Yale.
2
Our translation: know one's own emotions, manage emotions, self-motivation, recognize emotions in others,
and the art of managing relationships".
3
Our translation: Emotional intelligence is the ability to motivate ourselves, to persevere in our endeavors despite
potential frustrations, to control our impulses, to delay gratification, to regulate our own moods, to prevent distress
from interfering with our rational faculties, and to empathize and trust in others..
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
102
Alix Duarte Suescún, César Augusto Barajas Mendoza and Nubia Andrea Prada Quintero
Meanwhile, Bisquerra (2012a, p. 8) contends that emotional intelligence “es la habilidad para
tomar conciencia de las propias emociones y de las demás personas y la capacidad para regularlas”
4
.
However, as early as 1920, Thorndike wrote an article in “Harpers Magazine” titled "Intelligence
and its uses" where he introduced a specific element of emotional intelligence: social intelligence,
"the ability to understand others and act wisely in human relationships". According to Thorndike,
intelligence had three dimensions: (a) abstract intelligence, related to handling symbols (words,
numbers, formulas, legal decisions, laws). (b) Mechanical intelligence, an ability to understand
and handle objects and tools. (c) Social intelligence, the skill to understand and manage people
(
Molero, Saiz, and Esteban, 1998).
The Spheres of Emotional Intelligence in Secondary Education
This theory has had a significant impact in various areas, including education. In his work, Go-
leman argues that emotional intelligence is at least as important as cognitive intelligence for
success in life. Emotional intelligence comprises several skills and competencies, including self-
awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. The first three dimensions per-
tain to the self and depend on the individual. However, the last two are related to social skills.
Regarding secondary education, it is a pivotal period in the development of young people. Du-
ring this stage, adolescents face numerous challenges, both academic and emotional and social.
Implementing Goleman's theory in this environment can have significant benefits if we closely
look at the spheres of emotional intelligence mentioned by Salovey, from which we can deduce
the following from Goleman:
Self-awareness. By fostering self-awareness, students can recognize their emotions and un-
derstand how they affect their behavior and decision-making. This is particularly useful during
adolescence, a period of intense emotional fluctuation. Diligent self-reflection and introspection
in the classroom are vital for a good school, social, and family climate.
Goleman (1996, p. 68)
states that esta conciencia de las emociones es la competencia emocional fundamental sobre la
que se construyen las demás, como el autocontrol emocional”
5
Mayer, quoted by Goleman (1996,
p. 69)
, says that self-awareness is being “consciente de nuestro humor y también de nuestras
ideas sobre ese humor
6
. Bisquerra (2012b, p. 25) states it's “conocer las propias emociones y las
emociones de los demás”
7
. This is no easy task because even when going through a tough time,
4
Our translation: It is the ability to become aware of one's own emotions and those of others, and the capacity to regulate them.
5
Our translation: this awareness of emotions is the fundamental emotional competency upon which others are
built, such as emotional self-control.
6
Our translation: conscious of our mood and also of our ideas about that mood.
7
Our translation: knowing one's own emotions and the emotions of others.
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one has to be able to think positively and not dwell on the negative or disturbing thoughts.
In the classroom, our secondary education students present unique cultural, technological, and
social characteristics because they have immediate access to information through their phones.
Besides easily handling electronic media and different digital platforms, our secondary students
have developed resilience and adaptability, having grown up in a time of rapid technological
and social changes, as well as in a context of economic crises and global tensions.
Moreover, teachers need to understand that our young people have a global awareness of
social and global issues (climate change, gender equality, and social justice issues) because they
have had access to global information from an early age and, as a result, tend to be more aware
of social and global problems. This partly explains their behaviors and opinions at times when
they disagree with others who lack the same information.
Self-regulation.
Goleman (1996, p. 64) describes it as “La capacidad de serenarse, de librarse
de la irritabilidad, la ansiedad y la melancolía excesivas… y las consecuencias del fracaso en esta
destreza emocional básica”.
8.
Bisquerra (2012b, p. 26) mentions it's “dar una respuesta apropiada
a las emociones que experimentamos”
9
. From our perspective, it means that students must learn
to control their emotions, as this can help them handle stress, pressure, and social tensions
more effectively. This is vital for academic performance and mental health. But similarly, teachers
must also act with self-regulation in stressful situations in the classroom or personal life, as this
can influence their relationship with their students and other members of the community and
coworkers.
Teachers must remember that the current generation of students is more open to discussing
mental health than previous generations. However, higher rates of stress, anxiety, and depression
have been observed compared to previous generations, although the causes are complex and
multifactorial.
Given this fact, classroom efforts should be focused on the self-regulation of young people.
The classroom should be a space where emotional control exists between student-teacher and
vice versa. Educators can model emotional intelligence through their behavior, showing how to
handle stress, resolve conflicts, and communicate effectively. Incorporating mindfulness or re-
laxation techniques in the classroom can help students become more aware of their emotions
and regulate their behavior.
Bisquerra (2012b, p. 26) mentions techniques to achieve self-regu-
8
Our translation: The ability to soothe oneself, to shake off rampant irritability, anxiety, and sadness... and the con-
sequences of failure in this basic emotional skill.
9
Our translation: giving an appropriate response to the emotions we experience.
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Alix Duarte Suescún, César Augusto Barajas Mendoza and Nubia Andrea Prada Quintero
lation, such as diálogo interno, control del estrés (relajación, meditación, respiración), autoafir-
maciones positivas; asertividad; reestructuración cognitiva, imaginación emotiva, atribución cau-
sal, etc.
10
Furthermore, he states that it requires continuous practice and mentions regulating
emotions such as la “ira, miedo, tristeza, vergüenza, timidez, envidia, alegría, amor, etc.” (p. 26)
11
.
Motivation. By understanding the emotional triggers driving motivation, educators can create
more engaging and stimulating learning environments.
Goleman (1996, p. 64) mentions the
“necesidad de ordenar las emociones al servicio de un objetivo es esencial para prestar atención,
para la automotivación y el dominio, y para la creatividad”
12
. In this sense, emotional intelligence
can play a crucial role in creating more engaging and stimulating learning environments, espe-
cially in secondary education, where students are at a crucial stage of emotional and social de-
velopment.
In this context, it is crucial to recognize and celebrate students' achievements in academic, emo-
tional, and social areas, as this positively impacts their self-esteem and motivation levels. Ac-
cording to
Schunk (2012, p. 346), motivation is a deep psychological phenomenon influencing
learning.“Los estudiantes motivados para aprender prestan atención a la enseñanza y se invo-
lucran en actividades”.
13
Bain et al. (2010) also highlighted the correlation between student mo-
tivation and the effectiveness of their learning process. In line with this, Tella (2007) pointed out
that it's challenging to achieve satisfactory learning outcomes without adequate motivation to
learn.
Maintaining and stimulating student motivation can be a key element in ensuring effective learning.
Consider the words of
Duchatelet and Donche (2019) from their research conducted in Holland:
The results indicate that autonomy-supportive teacher behavior enhances self-efficacy
for students who are autonomously motivated. Amotivated students might need other
than autonomy-supportive teacher behavior to develop self-efficacy.
Additional studies conducted in Germany, such as that of
Bürgermeister et al. (2016), have ex-
plored how emotional factors are affected in environments that promote autonomy. Their con-
10
Our translation: internal dialogue, stress control (relaxation, meditation, breathing), positive self-affirmations; as-
sertiveness; cognitive restructuring, emotional imagination, causal attribution, etc.
11
Our translation: anger, fear, sadness, shame, shyness, envy, joy, love, etc.
12
Our translation: need to marshal emotions in the service of a goal is essential for paying attention, for self-mo-
tivation and mastery, and for creativity.
13
Our translation: Motivated students pay attention to teaching and engage in activities.
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clusions show that when students feel they have adequate control over their environment (com-
petence), they also experience a sense of social support from their teacher (relationship). In
other words, an educational environment that supports autonomy is associated with a greater
sense of competence and the perception of significant social support.
Recognizing Others' Emotions (Empathy).
Goleman (1996, p. 123) tells us that empathy is
esa capacidad –o la habilidad de saber lo que siente otro. However, its foundation is self-awa-
reness; if one is not open to oneself, one cannot understand the feelings of others. Karimi et al.
(2014)
and Vidyarthi et al. (2014) have determined that emotional intelligence refers to the un-
derstanding of ourselves and others, the self-control of immediate needs, people's empathy,
and the positive exercise of emotions. It's a challenging task for teachers with their students and
themselves. Nowadays, when people are more insensitive, teaching empathy from school is ne-
cessary, and secondary school can lead to more inclusive and tolerant environments.
Empathy aids in conflict resolution and improves students' social skills. The classroom should
be a safe space for emotional expression, meaning that an environment where students feel
safe expressing their emotions and opinions can foster more authentic and engaged learning.
Teaching and modeling effective conflict resolution techniques can foster a more inclusive and
harmonious environment. Taking the time to understand students' emotions and needs, without
judging or making assumptions, is key to a positive teacher-student relationship.
Social Skills (managing relationships).
Goleman (1996, p. 141) states, esta habilidades sociales
le permiten a uno dar forma a un encuentro, movilizar o inspirar otros, prosperar en las rela-
ciones íntimas, persuadir e influir, tranquilizar a los demás”. We believe that emotional intelli-
gence promotes social skills that are crucial for teamwork, conflict resolution, and effective
communication, competencies that are increasingly important in the workplace.
Case Studies and Successful Experiences
Research confirms a relationship between academic performance and emotional intelligence
(
Titrek et al., 2018; Ashknasy & Dasborough, 2003; kbaribooreng, 2015; Martínez, et al. 2020,
Fallahzadeh, 2011; Duchatelet & Donche, 2019). Others, like Song (2010), argue that emotional
intelligence enables student academic performance and the quality of their social interactions
with peers.
Fallahzadeh (2011), while studying adolescents in Iran, found significant differences
in emotional intelligence scores based on the students' habitat.
14
Our translation: that ability - or the skill to know what another feels.
15
Our translation: these social skills allow one to shape an encounter, mobilize or inspire others, thrive in intimate
relationships, persuade and influence, reassure others.
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Alix Duarte Suescún, César Augusto Barajas Mendoza and Nubia Andrea Prada Quintero
In their research, Llibre et al., (2015) found that Cuban students with high levels of emotional
intelligence tend to achieve higher academic performance, while those with lower levels of
emotional intelligence tend to get lower grades. Thus, a predominance of favorable academic
results was observed in students with high emotional intelligence.
Studies conducted in China by
Chang & Tsai (2022) evaluated four dimensions of emotional in-
telligence, including the assessment of one's own emotions, emotional assessment of others,
use of emotions, and regulation of emotions. The results showed that students' emotional in-
telligence had a positive effect on their motivation for learning and their self-efficacy.
Furthermore, the mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between emotional intelligence
and academic performance was sequentially mediated by motivation for learning and self-effi-
cacy.
Buitrago & Herrera (2013) note that managing emotions in the school environment would
represent a significant dynamic component in education, which would help improve interpersonal
relationships and performance.
Meanwhile et al., (2022) in Riyadh, (Africa) have reported that
students with excellent academic performance had a high level of emotional intelligence.
In the Valencian Community of Spain, a study conducted by
Ordóñez et al. (2014) investigated
the relationship between emotional awareness, moods, and academic performance. The analysis
showed a significant correlation between these variables. Specifically, students with greater abi-
lities to identify, communicate, and reflect on their emotions, pay attention to the emotions of
others, and maintain bodily awareness, achieved higher academic performance. Additionally,
these students exhibited higher levels of happiness. In contrast, those students who scored
lower on emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger tended to perform worse academically.
Based on these results, the researchers determined that students with more advanced emotional
skills and positive moods tend to achieve better academic outcomes.
Kbaribooreng et al. (2015) found in Iran a significant correlation between all components of
emotional intelligence and the academic performance of Zabol high school students. This sug-
gests that integrating lessons with socio-emotional learning in schools could improve student
performance.
Kbaribooreng et al. (2015) state:
In this regard, EI [emotional intelligence] can predict the performance because it shows
how an individual can immediately apply his knowledge in different situations, a person
who does not have the emotional skills will face problem in transforming their potential
knowledge into observable performance.
In a project led by
Postigo et al. (2019) and supported by the Ministry of Economy and Com-
petitiveness of Spain in collaboration with the Universitat de València, a study was conducted
to assess the perceived effects by adolescents participating in the Emotional Education Program.
This innovative program is based on a model that emphasizes emotional intelligence skills and
uses a dialogic approach aimed at fostering deep and meaningful learning. The study's results
show significant advances in the four dimensions of emotional competence that the emotional
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intelligence model describes, as well as progress in related areas.
In Spain, Carbonell et al. (2019) implemented a Coexistence and Emotional Intelligence Program
17
in Secondary Education with students between 11 and 15 years old to “prevenir las situaciones de
acoso escolar del centro a través del aprendizaje y la práctica de la Inteligencia Emocional”
17
(Car-
bonell et al., 2019, p. 9)
. The results showed an increase in emotional intelligence levels and a re-
duction in bullying behaviors, especially in Social Competence and empathy. Such research is a
valuable indicator when seeking alternatives to address bullying issues among secondary edu-
cation students.
Ezeiza et al. (2008), also in Spain, launched a project through the Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa
aimed at the Gipuzkoan educational community, covering ages from 3 to 20 years. The primary
purpose was to provide a practical and guiding program, of a cross-curricular nature, focused
on the development of Emotional Intelligence through "tutorial action." The ultimate goal is
that, upon completing their academic training, young people possess emotional competencies
that enable them to promote and integrate into an emotionally intelligent and innovative terri-
tory. For this, the project has developed educational materials with practical exercises intended
for both students and teachers of each proposed educational level.
Among the strategies and procedures to implement the emotional education project are: Oc-
casional guidance, parallel programs, elective subjects, tutorial action, curricular integration,
and education for citizenship. They also propose the phases of:
(a) Context analysis: environmental context, structure, format (duration), resources, tea-
cher situation, school climate, etc. (b) Needs identification: recipients, objectives, etc.
(c) Design: justification, objective formulation, content to develop, selection of activities,
resources, deadlines, recipients, evaluation criteria, and costs. (d) Execution: implemen-
tation of activities. Attention to possible variations. (e) Evaluation: it is not enough to
offer evaluations, the evaluation consists of one of the basic elements (
Ezeiza et al.,
2008, p. 11)
18
.
16
Our translation: Coexistence and Emotional Intelligence Program.
17
Our translation: prevent bullying situations in the school through learning and practicing Emotional Intelligence.
18
Our translation: (a) Context analysis: environmental context, structure, format (duration), resources, teacher si-
tuation, school climate, etc. (b) Needs identification: recipients, objectives, etc. (c) Design: justification, objective
formulation, content to develop, selection of activities, resources, deadlines, recipients, evaluation criteria, and
costs. (d) Execution: implementation of activities. Attention to possible variations. (e) Evaluation: it is not enough
to offer evaluations, the evaluation consists of one of the basic elements (Ezeiza et al., 2008, p. 11).
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Alix Duarte Suescún, César Augusto Barajas Mendoza and Nubia Andrea Prada Quintero
Among the program's contents are: Emotional intelligence, knowledge of one's emotions and
those of others, self-esteem, self-motivation, empathy, conflict resolution, life skills, social skills,
understanding, and regulation of emotions. The thematic blocks are divided into two parts: (a)
Intrapersonal competencies (directed at oneself): Emotional awareness, emotional regulation,
emotional autonomy. (b) Interpersonal competencies (directed at others): Socio-emotional skills
and life and well-being skills (
Ezeiza et al., 2008).
The studies and examples presented underscore the relevance of emotions in the educational field.
Dalai-Lama & Ekman (2009) argued that while knowledge in an educational system is valuable and
can lead to happiness, achieving this happiness requires an intelligent understanding of emotions.
In line with this, Shahzada et al. (2011) suggest including emotional development in school curricula,
as there is a correlation between academic performance and emotional intelligence.
Furthermore, emotional development fosters relationships and, therefore, it is relevant to con-
sider emotionally educating individuals to achieve emotional competence. In this regard,
Landry
(2019) states there are four basic competencies of emotional intelligence: Self-awareness, self-
management, social awareness, and relationship management.
Integrating Emotional Intelligence in Secondary Education
López (2012, p. 45) states that emotional intelligence should be applied from childhood and at
any age, yet he cautions that in adolescence it is necessary “autoafirmarse, valorar sus capaci-
dades y limitaciones, tomar sus propias decisiones, tener responsabilidades, sentirse aceptados
por los demás, etc.
19
. He, like Goleman (1996), Salovey & Mayer (1990), and Mayer, Salovey &
Caruso (2012), agrees that emotional intelligence allows a person to better understand them-
selves and others. For this reason,
López (2012) places great importance on the work that tea-
chers do in the classroom with their students to build what he calls the "emotional and affective
charge." He recommends starting with "their personal and social interests and needs and their
direct experiences."
20
(p. 46). Among the didactic resources to use and how to set up the clas-
sroom, he mentions the following:
… (imágenes, fotografías, canciones, cuentos, literatura, juegos, vídeos, objetos, noticias
de prensa, role- playing, etc.) que susciten la conciencia emocional y que ofrezcan la po-
sibilidad de experimentar emociones. Conviene ofrecer espacios en el aula de reflexión y
de introspección, fomentar la comunicación con los demás y trabajar en equipo.
19
Our translation: to assert oneself, assess one's abilities and limitations, make one's own decisions, take on res-
ponsibilities, feel accepted by others, etc.
20
Our translation: their personal and social interests and needs and their direct experiences.
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Es efectivo preparar espacios abiertos con sillas o cojines en los que, desde una cierta
comodidad postural, se puedan exponer, compartir y vivenciar situaciones de apren-
dizaje emocional y favorezcan la comunicación visual y corporal de los alumnos. (p.
46).
In secondary education, the goal is to go beyond the classroom to foster learning that is
meaningful, pedagogically valuable, and applicable in students' daily lives, in their social en-
vironment, and with the people they interact with. An effective strategy to achieve this goal
is the cross-curricular incorporation of emotional education in various subjects, curricular
units, or areas of learning, ideally in as many of them as possible. Teachers play a crucial role
as role models, enabling students to learn to develop their emotional intelligence through
imitation. For this approach to succeed, it is imperative to establish a school environment
where values such as respect, trust, love, solidarity, and empathy prevail. It's crucial for the
teacher to be eloquent, meaning they have the ability to communicate ideas and emotions
clearly, effectively, and persuasively, both orally and in writing, to inspire students and promote
similar behavior in them.
To foster a comprehensive and effective learning environment, it is essential that the teacher
develops their empathetic capacity towards students, establishing relationships of trust and
cordiality. Being receptive to human contact not only facilitates affectionate communication
but also builds positive interpersonal relationships. This approach requires that the teacher
trains and sensitizes in emotional competencies as an indispensable preliminary step to impart
quality emotional education. Courses, readings, and the exchange of experiences are excellent
resources for this training. The teacher's role is especially relevant in implementing emotional
education programs, as they are often the most immediate and constant reference for students
throughout the week.
Emotional education, in turn, should be a continuous focus throughout schooling and offer
various opportunities for the practice and application of these learnings. This should not be li-
mited only to the school environment but should extend to the family, extracurricular activities,
and leisure time. Ultimately, the goal is for the student's entire life experience to become a
stage for developing their emotional competencies, as life itself is the best school for this type
of learning.
21
Our translation: ... (images, photographs, songs, stories, literature, games, videos, objects, press news, role-pla-
ying, etc.) that raise emotional awareness and offer the possibility to experience emotions. It is advisable to provide
spaces in the classroom for reflection and introspection, promote communication with others, and work as a team.
It's effective to prepare open spaces with chairs or cushions where, from a certain postural comfort, you can expose,
share, and experience emotional learning situations and favor students' visual and bodily communication. (p. 46).
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Alix Rocio Duarte Suescún, César Augusto Barajas Mendoza and Nubia Andrea Prada Quintero
Conclusions
From the foregoing, it is concluded that emotional education is fundamental for the well-being
of students and their academic performance. Teachers can incorporate it into various subjects
and areas of learning to promote a comprehensive and effective learning environment.
To truly achieve the goal of educating students for a more just society with a sense of respect
for others, it is necessary to develop trust, love, solidarity, and empathy in the classroom; these
are essential to establish an appropriate school climate. This implies the implementation of prac-
tical strategies to promote the development of emotional intelligence in the classroom.
Lastly, it is concluded that regarding strategies to develop emotional intelligence in secondary
education, the cross-curricular incorporation of emotional education in various subjects and
areas of learning is essential.
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Empowering Secondary Education: Strategies for Developing
Emotional Intelligence in the Classroom
115
Transformative Leadership:
Key to Success in Education
Liderazgo Transformacional:
Clave del Éxito en Educación
Freddy Martin Duarte Ramírez
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5065-1464
Bucaramanga, Santander / Colombia
Jhon Enrique Bohorquez López*
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4093-1009
Bucaramanga, Santander / Colombia
* Doctor in Education Sciences. National Experimental University of the Western Plains Ezequiel Zamora: Ba-
rinas, Barinas, Venezuela. Rector, San Francisco de Asís Educational Institution: Bucaramanga, Santander, Co-
lombia.
** Master's in Education, University of Santander, Colombia. Professor at the University of Santander, Co-
lombia. Contact email: jbohorquezlopez@gmail.com
To cite: Duarte, R. F. M. & Bohorquez, L. J. E. (2024). Transformative Leadership: Key to Success in
Education. Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 115-128.
https://doi.org/10.59654/ftw5tn94
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 115-128
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
Received: August/24/2023 Reviewed: September/7/2023 Accepted: October/7/2023 Published: January/10/2024
https://doi.org/10.59654/ftw5tn94
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
116
Freddy Martin Duarte Ramírez and Jhon Enrique Bohorquez López
Sumary
Transformational leadership has become a fundamental concept in the educational field, making
a difference in how educational institutions are managed and how educators influence student
development. This leadership approach focuses on inspiring and motivating others to achieve
common goals and objectives, fostering a positive and stimulating learning environment. In the
context of education, transformational leadership has been revealed as an essential driving
force behind educational success. We leave it up to the reader to consider the present article.
Keywords: transformational leadership, educational, educational institutions, student develop-
ment, common goals and objectives.
Resumen
El liderazgo transformacional se ha convertido en un concepto fundamental en el ámbito edu-
cativo, marcando la diferencia en la forma en que las instituciones educativas son gestionadas
y cómo los educadores influyen en el desarrollo de los estudiantes. Este enfoque de liderazgo
se centra en inspirar y motivar a los demás para alcanzar metas y objetivos comunes, fomen-
tando un ambiente de aprendizaje positivo y estimulante. En el contexto de la educación, el li-
derazgo transformacional se ha revelado como una fuerza impulsora esencial detrás del éxito
educativo. Dejamos a consideración del lector el presente artículo.
Palabras clave: liderazgo transformacional, educativo, instituciones educativas, desarrollo de
los estudiantes, metas y objetivos comunes.
Introduction
The following article focuses on transformational leadership in education and how a clear vision
and strategic direction can be the key to success in the educational field. Firstly, the importance
of considering the significance of teamwork is highlighted in order to establish collaborative
learning environments and share knowledge among teachers. Additionally, the importance of
sharing a clear and motivating vision for the future of the educational institution is mentioned,
inspiring others and emphasizing positive values and celebrating achievements.
Secondly, the topic of empowerment and professional development is addressed, where the
importance of facilitating opportunities for professional development and personal growth of
team members is highlighted. Specific strategies such as training, workshops, and mentoring
programs are mentioned to facilitate professional development.
Lastly, the need for an academic revolution is discussed, where learning intertwines with the
ability to create, innovate, and lead change. Strategies to achieve transformational leadership
in education are mentioned, such as creating a positive environment by promoting a culture of
respect, inclusion, and collaboration, and establishing clear and specific goals for students and
117
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Transformative Leadership: Key to Success in Education
1
The particular disposition of each individual to choose the profession or trade they wish to study and pursue,
based on their aptitudes, psychological and physical characteristics, and motivations.
the educational community as a whole.
Vision and Strategic Direction in Education
Vision and strategic direction play a crucial role in transformative leadership within the educa-
tional field. A clear vision not only provides a defined direction for the educational institution,
establishing long-term goals that guide daily actions, but it also influences everyday decision-
making. Transformative educational leaders must not only possess a strong vision but also ef-
fectively communicate it to all stakeholders, including educators, students, parents, and the
wider community.
From this perspective, transformative leadership entails the presence of a charismatic leader with
the ability to exert positive influence. Studies conducted by
García et al. (2015) have confirmed
the relationship between authentic leadership, group cohesion, identification, and the potential
mediating effect of organizational justice. However, the crucial aspect is not limited to this alone.
If we approach this issue from the teacher's perspective in the university setting, according to
Robbins (2014, p. 347), this professional is expected to be a leader with the "capacidad de influir
en un grupo para que logren metas". This approach underscores the crucial importance of the
teacher in the educational field, becoming a determining factor that motivates students to learn
and think in a problem-solving oriented manner in their everyday lives.
In this sense, the responsibility and significant impact that educators have in the holistic deve-
lopment of students are highlighted, guiding them towards the development of practical skills
and the application of knowledge in real-life situations. Thus, the university professor emerges
as a key agent in shaping an effective and goal-oriented educational process, where their in-
fluential leadership contributes to the achievement of academic and personal objectives.
In addition to clear vision, strategic leadership involves the implementation of plans and stra-
tegies that help achieve established objectives. Transformational leaders in education are proac-
tive and creative in addressing challenges, identifying opportunities, and making informed
decisions to improve educational quality. These leaders are not afraid to innovate and adopt
new and effective pedagogical approaches that respond to the changing needs of students
and society.
Several authors have explored this theme, offering approaches and theoretical frameworks that
can guide educational leaders.
Fullan (2001) emphasizes the importance of a shared vision and
strong strategic direction in transforming schools, emphasizing that effective school leadership
involves creating and communicating an appealing vision that motivates all key stakeholders
to work together towards common goals.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Freddy Martin Duarte Ramírez and Jhon Enrique Bohorquez López
Senge (1990), on the other hand, argues that a shared vision is achieved through a continuous
process of organizational learning, where all stakeholders actively participate in creating and
developing the vision. This approach is based on the idea that vision and strategic direction in
education should be collaboratively built, taking into account the perspectives and contributions
of all members of the educational community.
Gimeno (2008) highlights the importance of a strategic vision in education that responds to cu-
rrent social, cultural, and technological challenges and changes. He emphasizes the need for
educational leaders to generate a vision that aligns with new demands and contexts, promoting
a strategic direction that fosters continuous improvement of educational processes. This, as sta-
ted by
Rojas et al. (2020, p. 243), requires "challenging followers to think and rethink how acti-
vities are carried out, fostering motivation, reinforcement, and the behavior of those involved."
Inspiration and Motivation of Educational Staff
Educational transformational leadership plays a crucial role in inspiring and motivating teachers,
as it focuses on stimulating change, promoting development, and creating an environment that
fosters both personal and professional growth for educators. The foundations of transforma-
tional leadership were first established by James MacGregor Burns. In his seminal work
Burns
(1978)
, he laid the groundwork for transformational leadership. He argued that this style of lea-
dership is based on motivation and inspiration, going beyond mere transactional exchanges to
focus on raising the aspirations and morale of followers. In an educational context, this approach
involves cultivating a passion for teaching, fostering innovation, and promoting a deeper com-
mitment to the educational mission.
Later,
Bass (1985) expanded and refined Burns' ideas. In his work, he highlighted the importance
of transformational leaders in inspiring their followers to transcend their personal interests in
favor of higher goals. In the educational realm, this approach urges leaders to cultivate a shared
sense of purpose, focusing on educational goals that go beyond academic outcomes and ad-
dress the holistic development of students.
However, achieving this challenge is not easy in today's times, as new challenges constantly
arise that demand different professional attitudes. That is why it is necessary to reflect and ad-
dress problems in order to transform knowledge and solve issues. Therefore, today's leader
must have a different profile than decades before, as they are expected to stay updated in
knowledge, have strategic skills to manage groups, be able to communicate effectively, and
make decisions. These aspects are considered essential to be successful and competitive leaders
in today's world.
Dylan & Hargreaves (2016) emphasize the importance of creating a school culture where all
teachers continuously develop themselves in order to achieve the success of all students. Trans-
formational leadership emerges as key to inspiring and promoting change in teaching, fostering
an environment where learning and constant improvement are fundamental values.
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Transformative Leadership: Key to Success in Education
In this sense, the need for educational leaders who guide and motivate teachers, promoting an
environment conducive to educational excellence, stands out. In this conception, transforma-
tional leadership can be a catalyst for teachers' continuous learning. Therefore, it is important
to have leadership that fosters a culture of constant improvement, where educators feel sup-
ported and motivated to enhance their teaching practices.
An important aspect of transformational leadership is the way habits can influence our personal
and professional lives. If we analyze the power of habits following
Duhigg's perspective (2012),
habits can influence the motivation and performance of educational staff, but strategies are re-
quired to change negative habits and promote positive ones.
In the dynamic academic and student environment, the transformational leader emerges as the
architect of an educational revolution that transcends conventional classrooms. To illustrate this
concept, let's imagine a scenario where universities are not only centers of knowledge but also
authentic drivers of innovation. We are referring to a place where educational processes are
constantly reinvented, allowing the flourishing of cutting-edge technologies and transforming
the academic and community environment into a crucible overflowing with opportunities.
In this exciting journey, the transformational leader emerges as the catalyst that triggers signi-
ficant changes. The pursuit of excellence goes beyond being a motto; it becomes a philosophy
that drives the professional development of young people. We are referring to an education
that goes beyond the classrooms, preparing students to be proactive agents and creators of
innovative solutions.
In this context, universities not only play an educational role but also empower individuals. They
become sources of inspiration for a generation that not only seeks to acquire knowledge but
also yearns to transform its environment and confront the challenges of tomorrow. Thus, the
need for an academic revolution arises, where learning intertwines with the ability to create, in-
novate, and lead change. The crucial thing is to prepare to be part of a community that not
only dreams of the future but actively contributes to building it.
One way to achieve transformational leadership in education, based on our own teaching ex-
perience, is to:
Create a positive environment: Promote a culture of respect, inclusion, and collabora-
tion throughout the educational environment. This can be achieved through implemen-
ting anti-bullying programs, integration activities, and promoting open communication
and respect among students, teachers, and administrative staff.
Set clear goals: Define clear and specific goals for students and the educational community
as a whole. These goals can be related to academic performance, behavior, participation
in extracurricular activities, among others. By setting goals and monitoring their progress,
students are motivated to adopt positive habits to achieve the established objectives.
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Freddy Martin Duarte Ramírez and Jhon Enrique Bohorquez López
Implement recognition and rewards programs: Create recognition and rewards
systems for students who demonstrate positive habits. This can include prizes, certifica-
tes, public recognition, or special privileges. These programs help motivate students and
reinforce the positive habits that are desired to be fostered.
Promote personal responsibility: Teach students about the importance of personal res-
ponsibility and making appropriate decisions. Foster self-discipline and self-evaluation so
that students take responsibility for their own actions and learn to make positive choices.
Offer training and development programs: Provide training and development pro-
grams for students, teachers, and educational staff that promote social, emotional, and
intellectual skills. These programs can include conflict resolution workshops, communi-
cation skills, emotional intelligence, among others.
Encourage parental involvement: Involve parents in the educational process and pro-
mote open and ongoing communication between the educational institution and fami-
lies. Organize events and meetings to discuss relevant topics and provide support to
parents in the education and upbringing of their children.
Model positive behaviors: Leaders and educational staff should model positive beha-
viors and be role models for students. This includes consistency between what is said
and done, as well as promoting positive values such as honesty, respect, and empathy.
Promoting autonomy: Giving teachers the freedom to make decisions and control their
own work, fostering a sense of responsibility and empowerment. This can contribute to
an environment where transformational leadership can thrive, as individuals feel more
connected to their work and have more space to express their creativity.
Mastery: Intrinsic motivation is related to the desire to improve and grow. When leaders
promote mastery, they allow team members to develop and perfect their skills. This ap-
proach can align with transformational leadership, as leaders are interested in the per-
sonal and professional development of their followers.
Purpose: When people feel that their work has a purpose beyond simply earning a sa-
lary, they are more engaged. Transformational leadership often relies on a shared vision
and a sense of collective purpose, so the intrinsic motivation that comes from having a
purpose can fuel this type of leadership.
In the context outlined,
Pink (2010) argues that intrinsic motivation, which is based on internal
desire to perform an activity, is more effective than extrinsic motivation, such as that derived
from rewards or punishments. Accordingly, the author suggests various tools and strategies
aimed at fostering intrinsic motivation, which can be applied both in the general organizational
context and specifically in the educational field. These strategies seek to promote autonomy,
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Transformative Leadership: Key to Success in Education
skill development, and the definition of a clear purpose.
However, the most important aspect in any organization or team is understanding and com-
municating the "why" behind actions and goals. Leaders who are able to inspire their personnel
through a meaningful purpose generate higher commitment and motivation. In this regard,
Sinek (2009, p. 41) argue that: "Todos los grandes líderes y organizaciones, independientemente
de su tamaño o industria, actúan y se comunican desde adentro hacia afuera"
2
.
Promoting a Positive Learning Environment
Generating positivity in educational transformative leadership is crucial to inspire others, foster
a positive learning environment, and achieve meaningful changes within the educational com-
munity. Here are some strategies that can help cultivate positive transformative leadership in
the educational field:
Promotion of open and transparent communication: In an educational institution, we
promote open and transparent communication by providing space to listen to concerns
and suggestions from team members and the educational community. In this context,
we highlight the relevance of considering the perspectives of
Hargreaves & O'Connor
(2018)
, who emphasize the importance of working as a team to establish collaborative
learning environments. Additionally, it is important to share knowledge among teachers
and to learn from one another. Applying the principles of collaboration, trust, and com-
munication contributes to building a culture of learning within the classroom. It is also
vital to share information transparently so that everyone is informed about the objectives,
challenges, and achievements of the transformation process.
Inspiration and shared vision: From our experience, we firmly believe that in an edu-
cational institution, it is crucial to share a clear and motivating vision for the future. This
practice helps all stakeholders understand the purpose and goals behind the proposed
changes. Additionally, we consider it essential to inspire others by highlighting positive
values and celebrating achievements, even small ones, throughout the transformation
process.
In our opinion, the key lies in fostering a mindset of lifelong learning among teachers,
encouraging them to work as a team to share knowledge and pedagogical strategies.
Creating a learning environment where teachers can interact, learn, and share ideas is
fundamental. As suggested by
Fullan (2001), having a clear and motivating vision is es-
sential to guide change processes in educational institutions. Following
Senge's pers-
2
Our translation: All great leaders and organizations, regardless of their size or industry, act and communicate
from the inside out.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Freddy Martin Duarte Ramírez and Jhon Enrique Bohorquez López
pective (1990), shared vision stands out as one of the key components for creating lear-
ning organizations, as it can unite people towards common goals.
In this regard, we support the idea expressed by
Kotter (1996) about the need to establish
a clear and compelling vision as the first crucial step in any change process. Furthermore,
we believe that a clear vision can guide assessment and improve learning. We also agree
with
Barber's argument (2013) that a compelling vision is essential to mobilize people
towards specific educational goals.
Empowerment and professional development: In an educational institution, oppor-
tunities for professional development and personal growth should be facilitated for team
members. This can include training, workshops, and mentoring programs.
Regarding this,
Covey (2004) emphasizes the importance of empowering individuals to
take responsibility for their own professional and personal development. In this context,
opportunities for professional development are fundamental, and authors such as
Senge
(1990) advocate for the creation of organizational environments that foster continuous
learning and personal growth.
The trainings, workshops, and mentoring programs mentioned in the text are specific
strategies to facilitate professional development. According to
Tannenbaum & Yukl (1992),
training and development are key elements in empowering employees, as they provide
them with the necessary skills and knowledge to assume greater responsibilities. Addi-
tionally, mentoring, according to
Kram (1985), contributes to the development of inter-
personal skills and personal growth by providing guidance and support. They encourage
active participation of educators in decision-making and implementation of changes,
allowing them to feel integral part of the process.
Culture of collaboration and mutual support: A culture where collaboration is valued and
teamwork is fostered must be promoted. This may include creating spaces to share ideas
and resources, providing emotional and professional support to team members, and recog-
nizing and celebrating individual and collective efforts. In this sense, various authors support
the importance of cultivating an environment that values and promotes collaboration.
According to
Robbins &Judge (2019), effective collaboration is a key component for im-
proving team performance and achieving organizational objectives. These authors argue
that a culture of collaboration not only involves working together on specific projects,
but also continuously sharing ideas and resources.
Likewise,
Katzenbach & Smith (1993) highlight that teamwork is not only about the task
itself, but also about the mutual support among team members. Positive interdepen-
dence among team members is also important, contributing to an environment where
each individual feels supported.
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Transformative Leadership: Key to Success in Education
Creating spaces to share ideas and resources aligns with Senge's (1990) perspective, who
advocates for the importance of "shared mind." This concept involves building a collec-
tive vision and the ability of team members to share their knowledge and learn from
each other.
Regarding emotional and professional support, authors like
Maslach & Leiter (2016) point
out that a work environment that provides emotional support reduces burnout and im-
proves the psychological well-being of employees. The inclusion of this type of support
helps strengthen the bonds among team members, generating a sense of belonging.
The recognition and celebration of individual and collective efforts, as mentioned by
Pink (2010), are fundamental elements to motivate employees. Recognition is not only
about tangible rewards, but also about acknowledging the effort and contribution to
the achievement of common goals.
Recognition and celebration: According to
Byrd et al. (2017), in the educational context,
public recognition of the achievements and contributions of educators, students, and
other staff members is essential to strengthen cohesion and community spirit. Organizing
events or ceremonies specifically designed to celebrate important milestones not only
fosters a sense of accomplishment, but also demonstrates appreciation for the hard work
performed by the educational community.
Flexibility and adaptability: According to
Zarkadakis (2021), flexibility and adaptability
are essential leadership attributes in the current ever-changing world. A leader who shows
flexibility in the face of challenges and changes is more capable of positively influencing
their team and organization. This encourages innovation and continuous learning.
Taking care of well-being: Literature indicates that an empathetic and well-being-cons-
cious leader should prioritize the emotional and physical well-being of team members
(Crawford, 2019). This is achieved through the implementation of policies and practices
that support a healthy and balanced environment. Contributions from
Marzano et al. (2018)
and Marzano & Heflebower (2011) indicate that resilience can be fostered by providing
resources and tools to help educators manage stress and job demands.
Development of Communication Skills and Active Listening
An aspect that is essential in educational transformational leadership is the transformational
learning of communication and listening skills. These skills allow for the establishment and main-
tenance of effective communication with all members of the educational community.
Robbins & Judge (2017) state that effective communication is essential for leaders to convey
their vision and goals, as well as to obtain feedback and understanding from others. Through
clear and coherent communication, educational leaders can inspire their team and motivate
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Freddy Martin Duarte Ramírez and Jhon Enrique Bohorquez López
them to achieve common goals.
On the other hand, Covey (2004) points out the importance of active listening as an essential skill
in leadership. Active listening involves understanding not only the words spoken by others, but
also the underlying emotions and needs. As an educational transformational leader, it is important
to listen attentively to teachers, students, parents, and other community members in order to un-
derstand their concerns and needs, and to make decisions and take actions accordingly.
The lack of communication skills and active listening can hinder transformational leadership in
education for several reasons, such as:
It limits the ability to convey a clear vision: Transformational leadership involves the
ability to effectively communicate an inspiring vision that motivates others to work to-
wards a common goal. If a leader lacks communication skills, they are likely to be unable
to transmit their vision in a clear and persuasive manner.
It hinders the creation of trust relationships: To lead in a transformational manner, it
is crucial to establish trust relationships with team members. Lack of communication
skills can hinder the building of trust, as others may perceive the leader as unresponsive
or uninterested in their concerns and opinions.
It limits the exchange of ideas and feedback: Active listening is a fundamental skill for
a transformational leader. By actively listening to others, leaders can gather valuable in-
formation, generate new ideas, and make informed decisions. Lack of active listening
skills can result in a one-way communication environment, where ideas and feedback
are ignored or dismissed.
It hinders change management: Transformational leadership involves managing and
promoting change in the educational organization. To achieve this, it is important to be
able to clearly communicate the benefits of the change, involve team members in the
process, and effectively handle resistance to change. Lack of communication skills can
hinder all stages of the change process.
Evaluation and Continuous Improvement in the Educational Context
Marzano (2005) emphasizes the importance of implementing an evaluative approach in edu-
cation, in which school leaders actively engage in the evaluation and improvement process of
their institution. This involves setting clear goals, collecting relevant data, and using it effectively
to make informed decisions.
It is equally essential to use various tools and processes, such as classroom observation, stan-
dardized tests, and formative assessments, to measure student progress and evaluate the qua-
lity of teaching. School leaders must be able to analyze the results of these evaluations and
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use them to identify areas for improvement and develop effective strategies to address them.
However, great importance should also be given to feedback and the continuous professional
development of teachers. Therefore, school leaders should provide constructive feedback and
offer growth opportunities to teachers so they can improve their teaching practice. This involves
providing the support, training, and resources necessary to ensure quality learning for all stu-
dents.
As for continuous improvement,
Fullan (2001) points out that it is not limited solely to students'
academic performance, but involves the participation of the entire educational community. In
transformational leadership, it is essential to foster continuous improvement, not just by mana-
ging daily tasks, but by motivating, inspiring, and empowering others to achieve common goals.
Robinson et al. (2016), on their part, emphasize the relationship between transformational lea-
dership and students' performance. This type of leadership creates a positive and supportive
environment, enabling teachers to feel empowered and motivated to improve their teaching
practice. Transformational leaders focus on setting clear goals, communicating expectations,
fostering collaboration, and providing professional development opportunities. Numerous stu-
dies support the relationship between transformational leadership and improved educational
outcomes, as these leaders have a learner-centered approach, establish high expectations, and
provide the appropriate resources and support for teachers to enhance their practice.
Glickman (1987) cited by
Glickman (2002) asserts that leaders live up to the expectations they
have for others, being open and willing to be scrutinized on how they carry out their own pro-
fessional work. Educators who cannot publicly practice continuous improvement over time must
either leave voluntarily, relocate to a different environment, or be dismissed. Clearly, this is not
an easy job!
Teachers who are deemed competent after the first cycle are asked to establish their own clas-
sroom teaching goals and professional growth plans. Subsequent observation cycles and con-
ferences are no longer tied to evaluation but rather provide feedback on their growth plans.
Errors to Avoid in Transformational Leadership
As
Villalba (2014) points out, there are several mistakes that are detrimental to establishing true
transformational leadership in education. Firstly, some executives fail to recognize the importance
of communication as an inherent responsibility of their position. Additionally, they do not consider
the impact that their communicative actions can have on the organization.
Another common error is the lack of a unified discourse from the executives, resulting in obvious
contradictions. This lack of coherence in the conveyed message creates conflicts that ultimately af-
fect lower-level employees. Furthermore, some executives do not share the same vision as the or-
ganization, resulting in discrepancies and tensions in the work environment.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
126
Freddy Martin Duarte Ramírez and Jhon Enrique Bohorquez López
Similarly, it is concerning the lack of awareness of the effects of their actions on personnel. Many
executives do not consider the repercussions of their behavior on the teaching staff, which can
lead to demotivation and lack of commitment. Lastly, some executives solely focus on opera-
tional aspects when transmitting information, disregarding other relevant aspects for the edu-
cational institution.)
Conclusions
After addressing the topic, we conclude that transformational leadership goes beyond
being a source of motivational inspiration, through the establishment of a charismatic role
model and the articulation of a shared vision for the future. Additionally, we recognize and
consider the individual differences among followers. Transformational leadership facilitates
intellectual stimulation by questioning old assumptions and the status quo to foster creative
thinking.
We also believe that the various mentioned authors provide approaches and concepts that
allow us to understand the importance of a vision and strategic direction in education. These
works can be used as theoretical references by educational leaders to guide our work and pro-
mote effective management of educational institutions.
We also believe that educational transformational leadership, according to the perspective of
various authors over the years, presents itself as a solid framework to inspire and motivate edu-
cational staff. We, as leaders, not only focus on academic goals, but also aim for the holistic de-
velopment of educators, creating an environment conducive to continuous learning and
innovation in education.
Transformational leadership, backed by a clear vision and effective strategic direction, is essential for
our success in the educational field. We, as transformational leaders, inspire, motivate, and empower
educators and students, creating an environment conducive to learning and personal growth. By
adopting a transformational approach, our educational institutions can achieve higher levels of aca-
demic excellence and prepare students for a promising future in an ever-changing world.
We also conclude that communication and active listening skills are essential in educational
transformational leadership, as they allow us to establish effective communication, convey the
vision and goals, motivate and inspire others, as well as understand the needs and concerns of
the educational community. These skills are fundamental to generate an atmosphere of trust
and cooperation and achieve the necessary transformation in the educational field.
Finally, we believe that creating a culture of collaboration and mutual support in our work envi-
ronment, which includes facilitating spaces to share ideas, emotional and professional support, as
well as recognizing individual and collective efforts, is supported by various authors who empha-
size the importance of these elements for our organizational success and the well-being of team
members.
Postgrado virtual sobre paradigmas de investigación: una experiencia cubana en tiempos de pandemia
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Rosa María Medina Borges y Dianelys Hernández Chisholm
Relationship between vocational
guidance and multiple intelligences:
an inseparable scientific perspective
Relación entre orientación vocacional e
inteligencias múltiples:
una perspectiva científica inseparable
Carlos Andrés Vesga Galvis
https://orcid.org/009-0004-5034-3658
Bucaramanga, Santander / Colombia
Edilsa Flórez Zambrano
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6435-7662
Bucaramanga, Santander / Colombia
Katherine Johana Ramírez Jiménez
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3327-3704
Bucaramanga, Santander / Colombia
*Master in Digital Technologies Applied to Education. Secondary and high school teacher in the field of technology and
informatics in the municipality of Girón, Santander. Contact email: carlos.vesga30@gmail.com
**Master in Digital Technologies Applied to Education. Teacher of all subjects in elementary school in the municipality
of Bucaramanga, Santander. Contact email: katycada@gmail.com
***Master in Educational Technology Management. Secondary school teacher in the English department, municipality
of Girón, Santander. Contact email: edilsaflorezzambrano@gmail.com
How to quote: Vesga, G. C. A., Ramírez, J. K. J. & Flóres, Z. E. (2024). Relationship between vocational
guidance and multiple intelligences: an inseparable scientific perspective. Revista Digital de Inves-
tigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.59654/ftw5tn94
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 129-140
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
Received: July/14/2023 Accepted: August/14/2023 Approved: November/27/2023 Published: January/10/2024
129
https://doi.org/10.59654/ftw5tn94
130
Abstract
The article deals with the relationship between vocational guidance and multiple intelligences.
People can experience and explore different career options and paths, which involves conduc-
ting research, talking to people working in different industries, doing internships or professional
practice, and engaging in personal and professional development activities. It is necessary for
the activities and decisions made during this process to be in line with the student's goals and
objectives, so as to generate a sense of coherence and purpose in their developmental path.
However, most of the time, this responsibility is left in the hands of the students. Teachers, coun-
selors, or career advisors in educational institutions make little effort to develop guidance that
promises better achievements for students when choosing their college major. In this sense, the
article analyzes vocational guidance from the perspective of different theories and how a better
purpose can be achieved if Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is considered in
relation to vocational guidance and choice. Finally, some practical resources for making educa-
tional decisions are mentioned.
Keywords:
Vocational guidance, vocational choice, substantive theories, multiple intelligences.
Resumen
El artículo trata sobre la relación entre la orientación vocacional y las inteligencias múltiples.
Las personas pueden experimentar y probar diferentes opciones y caminos profesionales, lo
que implica realizar investigaciones, hablar con personas que trabajan en diferentes industrias,
realizar pasantías o prácticas profesionales, y participar en actividades de desarrollo personal y
profesional. Es necesario que las actividades y decisiones tomadas durante este proceso estén
en consonancia con los objetivos y metas del estudiante, de manera que se genere un sentido
de coherencia y propósito en su camino de desarrollo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las veces
esta responsabilidad se deja en manos de los estudiantes. Los docentes, consejeros u orienta-
dores de las instituciones educativas poco esfuerzo hacen por desarrollar una orientación que
augure mejores logros en los estudiantes al momento de elegir su carrera universitaria. En este
sentido el artículo analiza la orientación vocacional desde la perspectiva de diferentes teorías
y como se puede lograr un mejor propósito si se considera la teoría de las inteligencias múltiples
de Howard Gardner en relación con la orientación y elección vocacional. Finalmente, se men-
cionan algunos recursos prácticos para tomar decisiones educativas.
Keywords: Keywords:
Vocational guidance, vocational choice, substantive theories, multiple in-
telligences.
Carlos Andrés Vesga Galvis, Katherine Johana Ramírez Jiménez and Edilsa Flórez Zambrano
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Introduction
Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions a person can make in their life. Howe-
ver, many times this choice is made without considering the skills and abilities of each individual,
which can lead to job and personal dissatisfaction. That is why vocational guidance has become
a fundamental tool to help individuals discover which activity or profession brings them the grea-
test satisfaction and personal fulfillment. In this context, Howard Gardner's theory of multiple in-
telligences has gained great relevance, as it acknowledges that each individual has unique
strengths and abilities that should be taken into account when choosing a career. This article will
explore the relationship between vocational guidance from various theories such as multiple in-
telligences and present some practical tools for making informed educational decisions.
Vocational Guidance
Vocational guidance is a fundamental process in every individual's life, as it involves a deep un-
derstanding of oneself to discover which activity or profession brings the greatest satisfaction
and personal fulfillment. Before delving into this process, it is essential to understand what vo-
cation itself means.
The term vocation comes from the Latin word vocare, which means "alling or act of calling In
this sense, vocation refers to an individual's inclination toward a specific action or activity, in
which one aspires to achieve a maximum level of fulfillment. This inclination can be artistic,
professional, or occupational and constitutes an internal force that drives us toward a specific
goal.
D'Egremy (2022, p.7) defines vocation as “la disposición particular de cada individuo para
elegir la profesión u oficio que desea estudiar y ejercer, de acuerdo con sus aptitudes, caracte-
rísticas psicológicas, físicas y motivaciones"
1
. In this sense, the process of choosing a career
and professional development is crucial in a person's life, as the choice of a career or profes-
sion can have a significant impact on job satisfaction, personal development, and overall well-
being. It is important to choose a career that aligns with the interests, abilities, and values of
each individual, as this will contribute to their success and happiness in the workplace.
Vocational guidance plays a key role in this process by providing tools and resources for indi-
viduals to explore and know themselves, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and unders-
tand their interests, values, and professional goals. Additionally, vocational guidance provides
information about different career options, job trends, educational requirements, and profes-
sional development opportunities.
1
Our translation: The particular disposition of each individual to choose the profession or trade they wish to
study and pursue, based on their aptitudes, psychological and physical characteristics, and motivations.
Relationship between vocational guidance and multiple intelligences:
an inseparable scientific perspective
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Vocational guidance also helps individuals overcome doubts, indecision, or fears that may arise
during the career choice process. It provides a safe and confidential space for individuals to ex-
press and explore their concerns and receive support and guidance.
However, according to Vidales (2013), there are other perspectives that focus on the well-being
associated with the performed activity, that is, being led toward a purpose or destination. In
this sense, being vocationally located implies carrying out work in a pleasant, interested, and
efficient manner, providing joy, kindness, and attention to those with whom one works or offers
professional services.
Additionally, according to the
Ministry of Education of Peru (2013), vocation is a process that
begins in the early stages of children's development through an understanding of their envi-
ronment, the diversity of games, and explorations that influence their future vocation. This pro-
cess involves the formation of values, the development of identity, self-esteem, and personality,
as well as the discovery of appropriate capacities. In this way, vocation is intertwined with the
opportunities and limitations of reality.
Importance of Vocational Guidance in the Career Choice Process
Vocational guidance plays a fundamental role in the career choice process as it helps individuals
make informed decisions about their academic and professional future. Correspondingly, voca-
tional choice is a complex process that involves the consideration of various internal and external
factors. Firstly, a person's interests and abilities play a fundamental role in choosing a profession.
It is important that the individual is attracted to and has the ability to perform tasks and activities
associated with the chosen career. Additionally, values and personality must also be considered,
as a profession should align with the individual's principles and way of being.
Heppner, et al. (1994)
emphasize the importance of interests, abilities, and social values in vocational choice.
However, these internal factors are not the only ones that influence vocational choice. External
factors, such as gender and socioeconomic level, also play a role. Professional stereotypes and
cultural expectations can limit an individual's career options, especially in societies where certain
careers are deemed more suitable for men or women.
Ducoing (2005) asserts that gender, so-
cioeconomic level, and professional stereotypes deeply rooted in society are of particular rele-
vance. Additionally, socioeconomic status can influence the possibility of accessing certain
professions, as some require a significant financial investment.
Gonzalez & Lessire (2005) add
to the list of determining influences gender, socioeconomic origin, as well as pressures exerted
by the family environment and close friendships.
Vocational choice also aims to find a profession where an individual can fully develop and le-
verage their abilities and talents. It is important for a person to find a career that allows them
to express themselves and grow both personally and professionally. Additionally, it is necessary
to consider demand and space in the economically active population. Choosing a profession
with low demand or few job opportunities makes little sense, as it could hinder career develop-
Carlos Andrés Vesga Galvis, Katherine Johana Ramírez Jiménez and Edilsa Flórez Zambrano
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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ment and have negative consequences on the individual's economic life. Studies by De Garay
(2001)
and De La Mano & Moro (2013) have reported that the personal, professional, and aca-
demic goals of students play a significant role in this choice.
There are studies that assign great importance to vocational guidance in career choice. In this
regard,
Yamada & Castro (2013) have found that a significant percentage of higher education
graduates regret the decision they made to pursue a university career. Quispe (2014) emphasizes
the importance of a choice in line with each individual's vocational guidance as a way to avoid
and prevent future dissatisfaction and frustration in students.
Theories and Approaches Relevant to Vocational Guidance
There are several relevant theories and approaches in the field of vocational guidance. Some
of the most notable ones include:
Career Development Theory: According to the theory proposed by Donald Super, the
vocational choice process occurs throughout life and is influenced by various factors
such as personality, interests, skills, and the socioeconomic environment.
Super (1968)
contends that professional development is divided into two stages: the growth stage
and the exploration stage.
In the growth stage, which spans from birth to 14 years old, exploration, information
search, and identification take place. During this period, individuals seek references from
significant figures in their environment, such as school, family, and the community,
among others. These figures play an important role in self-discovery and the develop-
ment of self-concept. In this stage, occupational preferences are more related to the
person's emotional needs rather than their professional skills and interests. Additionally,
these preferences tend to change over time.
According to
Busot (1995), the growth stage is divided into the following phases: (a) Fan-
tasy Stage: From birth to 11 years old, characterized by the pursuit of pleasure, attraction
to power-related activities, distortion of time perception, lack of objectivity, quest for ad-
ventures, excitement, and questioning of fantasy. (b) Interest Stage: Manifests between
11 and 12 years old, during which interests based on the individual's personal preferences
develop and may change unstably. Additionally, contact with occupational reality begins,
and it is understood that decision-making should be based on one's own motivations
and interests. (c) Capacity Stage: Extends from 13 to 14 years old, representing the mo-
ment when individual aptitudes and capacities consolidate as they are put into practice
through various activities such as games, sports, household and school tasks. Further-
more, the individual's self-concept strengthens.
As for the exploration stage, it refers to the process of researching and discovering an indivi-
dual's interests, skills, values, and personality. This stage is part of Super's career development
Relationship between vocational guidance and multiple intelligences:
an inseparable scientific perspective
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 129-140
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model, which also includes the growth, establishment, maintenance, and decline stages.
During the exploration stage, individuals typically have the opportunity to experiment
with and try out different professional options and paths. This involves conducting re-
search, talking to people working in different industries, participating in internships or
professional practices, and engaging in personal and professional development activities.
Researchers like
Morán et al. (2012) maintain that this stage occurs between the ages of
15 to 24. During this period, individuals test behaviors developed in the previous stage,
and the performance of roles in both fantasy and reality combines to try to fulfill the
most important vocational task of adolescence: defining the problem of choice. This
means that adolescents seek to strengthen their skills and abilities but also may modify
and readjust their self-concept as they play different roles.
In Colombia, Super's theory can be applied to explain the professional development
process at different stages of education. In Secondary Education, spanning from ages
11 to 14, adolescents dedicate themselves to discovering and assimilating values, interests,
and needs. During Middle Education, covering ages 15 to 16, and Higher Education, ran-
ging from ages 17 to 21, young people seek information about educational opportunities
and university careers.
Motivation Theory: Initially advocated by Maslow, his hierarchy of needs theory esta-
blishes that people have different levels of needs, ranging from the most basic (physio-
logical) to the most complex (self-actualization). According to Maslow, people are
motivated to satisfy these needs in a hierarchical order.
Cano (2008) argues that Maslow's
theory conceives motivation from a humanistic perspective, creating a hierarchy of
human needs that are satisfied in a specific order.
Motivation theory and vocational guidance are related in the sense that both focus on
understanding and explaining the factors that influence people's decisions and behaviors
regarding their career or work.
Motivation theory refers to the study of the psychological processes that drive and direct
human behavior. It examines how needs, desires, goals, and expectations affect how
people are motivated and respond to different stimuli and situations.
Vocational guidance, on the other hand, aims to help individuals make informed and
satisfying career decisions. This involves exploring and understanding individual skills,
interests, personality, and values, as well as the demands and opportunities present
in the work environment. The main goal of vocational guidance is to help individuals
find a job or career that aligns with their characteristics and personal goals.
In this regard, motivation theory can be applied in vocational guidance to understand what
factors motivate individuals to choose a specific career or profession. For instance, someone
Carlos Andrés Vesga Galvis, Katherine Johana Ramírez Jiménez and Edilsa Flórez Zambrano
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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may be motivated by the pursuit of success and recognition, while another may be motivated
by passion or the desire to contribute to society. Understanding these motivations can help
counselors guide individuals toward careers that are meaningful and satisfying for them.
Furthermore, motivation theory can also provide tools and strategies to promote moti-
vation and engagement in career development. This may include setting clear goals,
fostering self-determination and autonomy, providing positive feedback, and creating a
work environment that promotes satisfaction and personal growth.
It is worth noting that in educational guidance, it is necessary to consider both internal
and external motivation proposed by McClelland and Atkinson. The relationship between
educational guidance and internal and external motivation lies in the fact that educatio-
nal guidance can influence students' motivation. Educational guidance can assist stu-
dents in developing internal motivation by providing them with information, emotional
support, and practical resources to make educational decisions. For example, counselors
or advisors can help students identify their interests and strengths and connect with
educational opportunities that align with their personal goals. Finally, educational gui-
dance can also influence external motivation in students by providing them with incen-
tives and external rewards. For instance, educational guidance may offer scholarships,
awards, or recognition to students who achieve certain academic objectives.
Theory of the Activation Model of Vocational and Personal Development or Interacting
Models (MID).
This theory, proposed by Pelletier, is based on the idea that career development and personal
identity are interconnected and mutually influential.
Pelletier (1978) points out that vocational
choice is the result of an evolutionary process that requires continuous educational practice,
the construction of a professional and personal project, and an understanding of the necessary
possibilities to carry it out.
The central premise of the theory lies in the activation of vocational and personal development
through three main processes: (a) Cognitive Activation: This process involves acquiring the know-
ledge and skills necessary for making vocational and personal decisions. It includes the development
of self-awareness, exploration of interests and values, acquiring information about career options,
and assessing personal skills. (b) Motivational Activation: In this process, the goal is to increase mo-
tivation for both career and personal development. This would involve setting clear goals, establis-
hing a connection between personal and vocational goals, and seeking self-efficacy to achieve
those goals. (c) Contextual Activation: This process focuses on the environment and resources avai-
lable to the individual. It includes social support, learning opportunities, access to information, and
organizational policies and practices that can impact vocational and personal development.
Romero notes that vocational guidance is divided into four phases with different tasks and spe-
cific skills: (a) Exploration Phase: During this stage, the individual is exposed to new experiences
Relationship between vocational guidance and multiple intelligences:
an inseparable scientific perspective
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 129-140
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
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and information related to their education. (b) Crystallization Phase: In this stage, a general idea
of the guidance process is formed, and a potential vocational project is considered. (c) Specifi-
cation Phase: At this point, the individual faces possibilities and limitations, analyzing and spe-
cifying their personal project. What is desirable is evaluated against what is likely. (d) Realization
Phase: This stage involves commitment and responsibility to the decision made, as well as plan-
ning strategies to carry out the established project.
On the other hand, it is essential to highlight that the guidance process is based on three funda-
mental principles: (a) Experiential Principle: According to
Pelletier (1978), knowledge is acquired
through the individual's sensory experiences, making experience more relevant than passive in-
formation received. Guidance should focus on providing a high level of experience. Additionally,
according to
Romero (1994), this principle involves considering attitudes, emotions, personal or
external needs, intentions, and values in the guidance process. (b) Heuristic Principle: Romero
(1994) asserts that this principle emphasizes the active cognitive inquiry of the individual and their
autonomy as a subject in the decision-making process. The active participation of the individual
allows them to determine why something is good for their project, generating a sense of compe-
tence and autonomy. (c) Integrative Principle: Both
Pelletier (1978) and Romero (1994) agree that
this principle involves finding meaning in the actions undertaken during the guidance process.
Furthermore, there are three essential principles underpinning the guidance process: (a) The
Experiential Principle, according to
Pelletier (1978), knowledge is acquired through the individual's
sensory experiences, placing greater emphasis on experience than on passive information re-
ceived. Therefore, guidance should focus on providing a high level of experience. Romero (1994)
adds that taking into account attitudes, emotions, personal or external needs, intentions, and
values in the guidance process is crucial. (b) The Heuristic Principle, according to
Romero (1994),
emphasizes active cognitive inquiry by the individual and their autonomy as a subject in the
decision-making process. The active participation of the individual allows them to determine
for themselves what is most suitable for their project, generating a sense of competence and
autonomy. (c) The Integrative Principle;
Pelletier (1978) and Romero (1994) affirm that finding
meaning in the actions undertaken during the guidance process is necessary. Activities and de-
cisions made during this process should align with the individual's objectives and goals, creating
a sense of coherence and purpose in their development path.
Regarding the integrative principle,
Pelletier (1978) asserts that there are two ways to achieve it:
(a) Signification: refers to giving meaning to each experience lived in the present and integrating
it into the entirety of the individual's life, focusing on relevant aspects that may have been ig-
nored or unknown previously. (b) Direction: Refers to the negative, positive, or neutral evaluation
that can be given to the experience.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences in Relation to Vocational Guidance and Choice
Howard Gardner has proposed the existence of various types of intelligence. According to this
researcher, each of these types of intelligence acts independently in an individual.
Gardner (1993)
Carlos Andrés Vesga Galvis, Katherine Johana Ramírez Jiménez and Edilsa Flórez Zambrano
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asserts that intelligence should not be viewed as a single, generalized capacity but as a com-
bination of different skills and competencies. The author initially identified seven different inte-
lligences that interact with each other, namely linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical
intelligence, spatial intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, interpersonal
intelligence, and intrapersonal intelligence.
Linguistic Intelligence: The ability to use language effectively, including understanding, analyzing,
and producing written and oral texts.
Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: The ability for logical reasoning, abstract thinking, solving
mathematical problems, and understanding scientific principles.
Spatial Intelligence: Involves the ability to perceive and manipulate visual and spatial information,
as well as solving problems related to space and orientation.
Musical Intelligence: The ability to appreciate, compose, and produce music, as well as perceive
and recognize musical elements.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: Involves the ability to use the body expertly and coherently, as
seen in athletes, dancers, or surgeons.
Interpersonal Intelligence: Refers to the ability to understand and relate effectively to others, as
well as perceive and respond to others' emotions and motivations.
Intrapersonal Intelligence: Refers to the ability for self-awareness, self-control, self-evaluation, as
well as understanding one's own feelings, needs, and goals.
Later,
Gardner (2001, 2011) added two more intelligences to his list: naturalistic intelligence, re-
ferring to the ability to classify and relate to elements of nature, and existential intelligence, re-
lated to reflecting on fundamental questions of human existence.
Gardner's multiple intelligences can be related to vocational guidance and choice in several ways:
Self-awareness: Intrapersonal intelligence refers to the ability to understand and manage our
own emotions, goals, strengths, and weaknesses. This intelligence is crucial in vocational choice
as it involves being aware of our preferences, interests, and abilities, which can help identify ca-
reers that align well with us.
Interpersonal Relationships: Interpersonal intelligence consists of the ability to understand and
relate effectively to others. This intelligence is important in vocational choice, as many careers
require teamwork skills, effective communication, and building strong relationships with others.
Specific Skills: Gardner's different multiple intelligences are related to specific skills that may be relevant
Relationship between vocational guidance and multiple intelligences:
an inseparable scientific perspective
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 129-140
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
138
to certain careers. For instance, musical intelligence may be important in choosing a career in music
or the arts, while logical-mathematical intelligence may be relevant to careers in engineering or science.
Diversity of Options: The theory of multiple intelligences recognizes that each individual has
unique strengths and abilities. This implies that not all careers are suitable for everyone. Voca-
tional choice based on multiple intelligences allows for considering a wide range of professional
options and finding those that best match each individual's strengths and abilities.
How can Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences be employed in guiding the
vocational choices of young individuals?
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences can be used to guide the vocational choices of young
individuals in several ways:
Identifying Strengths and Weaknesses: It is crucial to identify the strengths and weaknesses
of each individual. The theory of multiple intelligences suggests that each person has different
types of intelligence, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, interpersonal, intraper-
sonal, spatial, naturalistic, and bodily-kinesthetic. By assessing the skills and preferences of each
young person in relation to these intelligences, their strengths and weaknesses in different areas
can be identified. Tests that determine the type of intelligence of the student can be employed
for this purpose.
Providing Career Options Matching Predominant Intelligences: Once the predominant in-
telligences of an individual have been identified, career options or professional fields that leve-
rage those skills can be provided. For example, if a student has outstanding musical intelligence,
they might consider careers in music, music production, or music education.
Adapting Teaching and Evaluation Methods: By knowing the predominant intelligences of
young individuals, vocational counselors can adapt teaching and evaluation methods to meet
their individual needs. For example, if a student has outstanding spatial intelligence, they might
benefit from practical and visual activities rather than solely reading written information.
Encouraging Self-awareness and Exploration: The theory of multiple intelligences can help young
individuals better understand their own strengths and weaknesses, allowing them to make more
informed decisions about their professional future. Exploring different areas of intelligence through
activities and experiences can also help young individuals discover new interests and skills.
Conclusions
It is concluded that, in Donald Super's theory, vocational choice is a continuous process influen-
ced by elements such as personality, interests, skills, and the socio-economic environment. Du-
ring the growth stage, spanning from birth to 14 years, exploration and information-seeking
take place, where occupational preferences are more related to the emotional needs of the in-
Carlos Andrés Vesga Galvis, Katherine Johana Ramírez Jiménez and Edilsa Flórez Zambrano
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
139
dividual. The objective of this stage is to help individuals gain a deeper understanding of them-
selves and the various occupational options available. Additionally, it enables them to identify
and adjust their goals and objectives as they acquire more information and experiences.
We believe that the theory of motivation and vocational guidance are related because both
focus on understanding and facilitating individuals' decisions and behaviors regarding their ca-
reers or jobs. Both fields can mutually benefit by using motivation principles and concepts to
inform and enhance the vocational decision-making process.
Similarly, we conclude that career choice is a process divided into two stages: the growth stage
and the exploration stage. During the exploration stage, individuals can experiment with diffe-
rent professional options, involving research, conversations with professionals in various indus-
tries, internships, and participation in personal and professional development activities. Activities
and decisions made during this process should align with the individual's goals and objectives,
generating a sense of coherence and purpose in their developmental path.
We conclude that the theory of multiple intelligences recognizes that each individual possesses
unique strengths and abilities, implying that not all careers are suitable for everyone. Vocational
choice based on multiple intelligences allows for considering a broad range of professional op-
tions and finding those that best align with each individual's strengths and abilities. Therefore,
it is important for individuals to identify their strengths and weaknesses to choose a career that
enables them to fulfill their full potential.
Finally, we conclude that there are various practical tools that can help individuals make informed
educational decisions, such as multiple intelligences tests, interest and skills questionnaires, and
interviews with professionals from different industries. These tools allow individuals to unders-
tand their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the professional options that best align with
their skills and goals. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals to use these tools for making informed
and satisfactory educational decisions. The teacher or vocational guidance facilitator should
strive to consider the personal characteristics, interests, skills, and abilities of students and, ac-
cordingly, develop vocational guidance for the students.
References
Busot, J. A. (1995). Elección y Desarrollo Vocacional. Ediluz.
Cano, C. M. (2008). Motivación y elección de carrera. Revista Mexicana de Orientación Educativa,
5(13), 6-0. http://pepsic.bvsalud. org/pdf/remo/v5n13/v5n13a03.pdf
D'Egremy, A. F. (2022). Cómo descubrir tu vocación. España: Anaya.
De La Mano, M. and Moro, C. M.. (2013). Motivaciones en la elección de la carrera universitaria:
metas y objetivos de los estudiantes de Traducción y Documentación de la Universidad
Relationship between vocational guidance and multiple intelligences:
an inseparable scientific perspective
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 129-140
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
140
de Salamanca. Salamanca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Salamanca.
Ducoing, P. (. (2005). Sujetos, actores y procesos de formación. México, DF, México: Consejo Me-
xicano de Investigación Educativa. https://es.scribd.com/doc/3355 7860/COMIE-Acto-
res-y-procesos-de-formacion-Tomo-II-estado-del-conocimiento
González, B. J.and Lessire, O. (2005). Aspectos más recientes en orientación vocacional. Revista
Iberoamericana de Educación. www.rieoei.org/ deloslectores/876Gonzalez.PDF
Heppner, M. J., Hinkelman, O. J., & Humphrey, C. F. (1994). Shifting the Paradigm: The use of
Creativity in Career Counseling. Journal of Career Development, 21(1), 77-86.
https://link.springer.com/article/ 10.1007/BF02117430
Ministerio de Educación. (2007). Manual de Tutoría y Orientación Educativa. Lima: Autor.
https://data.miraquetemiro.org/sites/default/ files/documentos/MANUAL%20DE%20TU-
TORIA%20%20Y%20ORIENTACION%20EDUCATIVA%20copy.pdf
Pelletier, D. (1978). L'approche opératoire du développement personnel et vocationnel: ses. Ca-
nadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 12(4), 207-2017. de https://cjc-rcc.ucal-
gary.ca/article/view/60195/45557
Romero, R. S. (1994). Orientación vocacional no discriminatoria. Propuestas desde el modelo
de activación del desarrollo vocacional y persona. En M. Irradier (Ed.), Orientación aca-
démico-vocacional para una toma de decisión no discriminatoria (págs. 25-38). EMA-
KUNDE / Instituto Vasco de la Mujer. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo
=3143950
Vidales, I. (2013). Nuevas prácticas de orientación vocacional. México, DF: Trillas.
https://www.scribd.com/document/37027 0279/Libro-Nuevas-Practicas-de-Orientacion-
Vocaional-de-Ismael-Vidales-Delgado
Quispe, Z. M. (2014). Motivos ocupacionales y autoconcepto en la elección de carrera. Tesis para
optar por el título de Licenciada en Psicología con mención en Psicología Educacional
que presenta la Bachiller. https://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/bitstream/ handle/20.500.
12404/5549/QUISPE_ZUNIGA_MELISSA_MOTIVOS_OCUPACIONALES. pdf?sequence=
1&isAllowed=y
Yamada, G. and Castro, F. J. (2013). Calidad y acreditación de la Educación Superior: retos urgentes
para el Perú. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico - Consejo de Evaluación, Acreditación y Cer-
tificación. https://repositorio.up.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/11354/1916/Yamada Gus-
tavo2013.pdf
Carlos Andrés Vesga Galvis, Katherine Johana Ramírez Jiménez and Edilsa Flórez Zambrano
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
Essays
141
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 143-180
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The Legal Framework of the
educational system:
Foundations and Hierarchy
El Ordenamiento Jurídico
del sistema educativo:
Digna Estefanía Julio Valencia*
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0248-3654
Panamá, Panamá
How to Cite: Julio, V. D. E. (2024). The Legal Framework of the
educational system: Foundations and Hierarchy. Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9),
143-150. https://doi.org/10.59654/27kb3589
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 143-150
ISSN electrónico: 2665-038X
Received: August/2/2023 Reviewed: August/16/2023 Approved: September/29/2023 Published: January/10/2024
*Master's student in Management and Leadership. Bachelor of Education with a focus on Geography and
History. National Experimental University of the Western Plains Ezequiel Zamora, Barinas - Venezuela. Email:
dignajulio@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.59654/27kb3589
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
144
Digna Estefanía Julio Valencia
Abstract
The present academic essay explores the legal framework of the education system in Venezuela.
The importance of the Constitution as the supreme norm that serves as a starting point for the
development of other laws is highlighted, and it is emphasized that all norms must respect the
hierarchical order and be in accordance with the Constitution. The essay also addresses the Or-
ganic Law of Education, which establishes the guiding principles and values of education, the
organization and functioning of educational institutions, student evaluation, teacher training,
and other crucial aspects of education. Furthermore, the essay discusses the transcendental
role of the legal framework in the Venezuelan educational context, elevating it to the status of
a fundamental pillar of society. The author uses the guiding documents of Fernandez and the
wise suggestions of Delgado to structure and develop the academic essay.
Keywords:
Legal framework, Venezuelan education system, legal basis.
Resumen
El presente ensayo académico explora el marco legal del sistema educativo en Venezuela. Se
destaca la importancia de la Constitución como la norma suprema que sirve como punto de
partida para el desarrollo de otras leyes, y se enfatiza que todas las normas deben respetar el
orden jerárquico y estar en concordancia con la Constitución. El ensayo también aborda la Ley
Orgánica de Educación, que establece los principios y valores rectores de la educación, la or-
ganización y funcionamiento de las instituciones educativas, la evaluación de los estudiantes,
la formación de docentes y otros aspectos cruciales de la educación. Además, el ensayo analiza
el papel trascendental del marco legal en el contexto educativo venezolano, elevándolo al es-
tatus de pilar fundamental de la sociedad. El autor utiliza los documentos rectores de Fernández
y las sabias sugerencias de Delgado para estructurar y desarrollar el ensayo académico.
Palabras clave:
Ordenamiento jurídico, sistema educativo venezolano, bases legales.
The Legal System of the Educational System: Foundations and Hierarchy
In the pages that follow, an exciting journey into the heart of the Venezuelan educational system
is undertaken, where normative hierarchy stands as the guardian of coherence and legality that
underpin the national legal framework. The starting point is found in
Fernández's guiding do-
cuments
(2023a, 2023b). In these documents, the transcendental role of the legal system in the
Venezuelan educational context is illuminated, elevating it to the status of a fundamental pillar
of our society.
Throughout this journey, this essay immerses the reader in an ocean of solid arguments that
form the pillars supporting the presented claims. Despite the density of the topic, the essay
reveals the crucial contribution of the legal system to the construction of an environment im-
bued with justice and respect for human rights, with a special focus on education. To ensure
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The Legal Framework of the educational system:
Foundations and Hierarchy
the excellence and coherence of this work, the guiding center is the wise advice of Delgado
(s.f)
, who provides the necessary guidelines for structuring and developing a high-caliber
academic essay.
From what has been exposed, it is important to emphasize that the Venezuelan legal framework
plays an essential role in the educational system, as it constitutes the main reference to deter-
mine the rights and duties of individuals in the educational context. This legal framework enables
individuals to exercise their subjective rights. The State, in turn, has specific responsibilities in
the educational field, while citizens, as active subjects, enjoy the human right to education by
engaging in the country's different educational institutions.
Secondly, it is crucial to highlight that the Venezuelan legal system ensures the right to education.
The
Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (1999), in particular, establishes education
as a fundamental and universal right for all citizens. This means that every individual has the
right to access quality education, regardless of their social, economic, or ethnic background.
Thirdly, the legal framework establishes the rules and regulations governing the Venezuelan
educational system. This includes laws, decrees, regulations, and policies that determine the
structure, organization, and functioning of educational institutions, as well as the rights and du-
ties of teachers, students, and parents.
A fourth aspect is that the legal framework provides the legal basis for the promotion of quality
and equity in education. This includes the regulation of academic standards, the assessment of
school performance, and the implementation of policies for inclusion and non-discrimination
in the educational system.
A fifth argument to consider relates to the legal framework and its essential function as a pro-
vider of the legal foundation supporting the planning and development of the educational
system in Venezuela. This function encompasses aspects such as the formulation of study plans
and programs, the establishment of new educational institutions, and the promotion of research
in the educational field.
The sixth argument is that the legal framework is a fundamental element in any organized society,
as it establishes the rules and norms that govern the coexistence of its members. It consists of a set
of legal norms that regulate social relations in a specific place and time. This legal framework is es-
sential to ensure peace, justice, and respect for the rights and duties of individuals within a society.
In this line of thought, it is time to mention Hans Kelsen, a prominent Austrian jurist, for whom
an effective legal framework can be represented as a hierarchical structure containing all the
norms of the legal system. In law, this is known as the Kelsen Pyramid. At the top of the pyramid
is the Constitution, which is the supreme norm. As one descends the pyramid, there are laws,
regulations, decrees, and other sub-legal norms. As one reaches the base of the pyramid, the
number of norms increases, but their hierarchy decreases. The Constitution is the fundamental
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
146
Digna Estefanía Julio Valencia
norm that validates the entire legal system, and any norm that contradicts the Constitution is
considered invalid.
Consequently, three levels can be identified in the Kelsen Pyramid: the fundamental level, the
legal level, and the sub-legal level. The first level corresponds to the top of the pyramid, where
the
Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (CRBV, 1999) is located. The constitution
establishes fundamental principles, the structure of the state, the rights and duties of citizens,
and the institutions of the country. Additionally, international treaties on human rights acquire
constitutional status in Venezuela through Article 23 of the CRBV.
At this level, the Constitution and international treaties take precedence over any other norm.
Thus, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights,
the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Interna-
tional Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the
Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and
the Convention against Discrimination in Education are international treaties and agreements
that establish and protect various aspects related to education and human rights.
These documents recognize the right to education as a fundamental right and promote equal
opportunities in education, the elimination of gender discrimination in teaching, and the en-
couragement of international cooperation in educational matters. They also emphasize the im-
portance of education in the development of human personality, respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms, as well as the promotion of peace and tolerance in society. They un-
derline the role of parents in choosing their children's education and the importance of educa-
tion in strengthening the dignity and rights of individuals.
It is important to note that all norms of the Venezuelan legal framework must respect the nor-
mative hierarchy and be in accordance with the Constitution. Any norm that violates the Cons-
titution can be declared unconstitutional and, therefore, lack validity. The constitution as the
supreme norm serves as the starting point for the elaboration of other laws since it is the fun-
damental norm that contains the guiding principles and values on which the legal framework
of the country is based.
The
CRBV (1999), in its Article 7, clearly establishes that "La Constitución es la norma suprema
y el fundamento del ordenamiento jurídico. Todas las personas y los órganos que ejercen el Poder
Público están sujetos a esta. La Ley regulará sus características, significados y usos"
1
. This means
that all laws and regulations must be in line with the Constitution, as the latter is the basis on
1
Our translation: The Constitution is the supreme norm and the foundation of the legal framework. All persons and
the organs exercising Public Power are subject to it. The Law will regulate their characteristics, meanings, and uses.
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The Legal Framework of the educational system:
Foundations and Hierarchy
which the entire Venezuelan legal system is built. In relation to education, the constitution grants
it the status of a human right (Article 102) and also dictates the role that the State, family, and
society must play in the educational process, equality of access conditions to education, gratuity,
among others. Furthermore, Article 104 of the constitution mentions the ethical conditions that
must be met by those exercising teaching.
Regarding the Legal level, just below the Constitution are the formal laws, including Organic
Laws, General Laws, Codes, and Decree-Laws, among others. These laws are enacted by the
Legislative Power and must be in accordance with the Constitution. Additionally, international
treaties must be approved by the National Assembly to be ratified by the Executive Power. State
Constitutions and Municipal Ordinances are also placed at this level and regulate the specific
norms of subnational entities.
In this sense, the
Organic Law of Education (2009) establishes the legal framework for the Vene-
zuelan educational system, including, among other aspects not detailed here, guiding principles
and values, rights, guarantees, and duties in education. The state assumes these as an unwaivable
function of paramount interest, as expressed in Article 1 of said regulation. It also addresses issues
related to the organization and operation of educational institutions, student evaluation, teacher
training, and other crucial aspects of education. Similarly, it describes the scope of application of
this law (Article 2), Principles and guiding values of education (Article 3), Education and culture
(Article 4), the Teaching State (Article 5), and Educational goals (Article 15).
In a similar vein, the
Partial Reform Law of the Organic Law for the Protection of Children and
Adolescents,
although not exclusively focused on education, guarantees the rights of children
and adolescents, including the right to quality education and a safe and healthy school en-
vironment. Likewise, the University Law proclaims: "La Universidad es fundamentalmente una
comunidad de intereses espirituales que reúne a profesores y estudiantes en la tarea de buscar
la verdad y afianzar los valores trascendentales del hombre", according to Article 1 of this law.
In this axiological perspective, the Constitution, in Article 2, establishes the higher purposes of
the social state of law and justice, promoting superior values in its legal system. But it adds in
Article 3 that “La educación y el trabajo son los procesos fundamentales para alcanzar dichos
fines”. It is worth noting that at this level of the Kelsen Pyramid, Decree 1011 is included, which
is a partial modification of the Regulation of the Exercise of the Teaching Profession and con-
templates two aspects of singular importance: supervision and the appointment of National Iti-
nerant Supervisors.
2
Our translation: The University is fundamentally a community of spiritual interests that brings together teachers
and students in the task of seeking the truth and strengthening the transcendental values of man.
3
Our translation: Education and work are the fundamental processes to achieve these purposes.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
148
Digna Estefanía Julio Valencia
The Sub-legal Level constitutes the base of the pyramid, where sub-legal norms are found, in-
cluding regulations, executive decrees, agreements, resolutions, and contracts, among others.
These norms are issued to develop or implement laws and must be in accordance with them.
However, they cannot contradict norms at the legal level. An example of this is the
General Re-
gulation of the Organic Law of Education
, which, in Article 1, establishes “normas y directrices
complementarias sobre el sistema, el proceso y los regímenes educativos"
4
.
In this discursive order of the Sub-legal Level, the legal framework establishes mechanisms for
the supervision and control of educational institutions, contributing to accountability and trans-
parency in the management of public resources allocated to education. This ensures that re-
sources are used efficiently and for the benefit of the educational community. For this purpose,
Resolution 058 states that the organization of the Educational Community occurs through an
Educational Council. …(omisis)… instancia ejecutiva, de carácter social, democrática, responsable
y corresponsable de la gestión de las políticas públicas educativas en articulación inter e intrains-
titucional y con otras organizaciones sociales en las instituciones educativas… (omisis)…
5
.
Similarly, noteworthy at the Sub-legal Level is the Regulation of the Exercise of the Teaching
Profession
, which contains: … (omisis)…las normas y procedimientos que regulan el ejercicio de
la Profesión Docente, relativos a ingreso, reingreso, retiro, traslados, promociones, ubicación, as-
censos, estabilidad, remuneración, perfeccionamiento, profesionalización, licencias, jubilaciones
y pensiones, vacaciones, previsión social, régimen disciplinario y demás aspectos relacionados
con la prestación de servicios profesionales docentes”
6
. (Article 1).
It is worth noting that this regulation is an essential component for the regulation and efficient
functioning of the teaching profession in Venezuela because it addresses a wide range of fun-
damental aspects related to the practice of teaching, demonstrating the importance attributed
to education in the country. The fact that the regulation covers areas from entry to retirement
and pensions for teaching professionals highlights the intention to provide a solid and com-
prehensive structure for the teaching profession. Additionally, by including topics such as job
stability, remuneration, improvement, and disciplinary regime, it aims to ensure the quality of
education and compliance with ethical and professional standards.
4
Our translation: complementary norms and guidelines on the system, process, and educational regimes.
5
Our translation: ...(omission)... an executive instance, of a social, democratic, responsible, and co-responsible
nature for the management of educational public policies in inter and intra-institutional articulation and with other
social organizations in educational institutions... (omission)...
6
Our translation: ...(omission)... the norms and procedures that regulate the exercise of the Teaching Profession,
related to entry, re-entry, retirement, transfers, promotions, placement, promotions, stability, remuneration, im-
provement, professionalization, licenses, retirements, and pensions, vacations, social security, disciplinary regime,
and other aspects related to the provision of professional teaching services.
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The Legal Framework of the educational system:
Foundations and Hierarchy
In conclusion, after the elements presented and in the interest of pointing out conclusive aspects,
it is indicated that the Venezuelan legal framework plays a fundamental role in the protection
and promotion of the right to education, in defining standards of quality and equity, in protecting
the rights of students, and in accountability in the education system. Its importance lies in es-
tablishing the legal framework that ensures education is accessible, inclusive, and of quality for
all Venezuelan citizens.
It is also inferred that the Venezuelan legal framework establishes the rights of students, including
the right to freedom of thought, expression, and participation in educational activities. It also
guarantees the protection of students against violence, harassment, and any form of abuse in
the educational environment.
Finally, it is stated that this legal framework is designed to protect and promote the rights
of students in Venezuela, including aspects such as equal opportunities, the quality of edu-
cation, safety in educational institutions, and student participation. In addition to these
laws, there are specific regulations that regulate additional aspects of education in the
country.
References
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de1978. https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/1969_Convención_Americana_sobre_Derechos_Hu-
manos.pdf
Convención Relativa a la Lucha contra las Discriminaciones. París, 14 de diciembre de 1960.
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Convención sobre la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación contra la Mujer. (1979).
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all-forms-discrimination-against-women
Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño. (2006), Unicef Comité Español. https://www.un.org/
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neral en su resolución 217 A (III), de 10 de diciembre de 1948. https://www.un.org/es/
about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
Delgado, P. (s.f). ¿Qué es un ensayo académico? https://virtual.iesip.net/mod/url/
view.php?id=10899
El decreto 1011: los supervisores itinerantes. En la perspectiva de los adversarios y defensores.
Educere, 4(11), octubre - diciembre, 2000, pp. 227-230l
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Ley de Reforma Parcial de la Ley Orgánica de Protección de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes. Gaceta
Oficial Nº 6.185 de fecha 8 de junio de 2015.
Fernández, F. (2023a). Leyes y Reglamentos que Regulan el Sistema Educativo.
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Fernández, F. (2023b). Ordenamiento Jurídico. https://virtual.iesip.net/mod/page/ view.php?i
d=6864
Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos. https://www.coe.int/es/web/compass/the-
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economic-social-and-cultural-rights
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rechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. (1988). https://www.oas.org/juridico/
spanish/tratados/a-52.html
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2000). Gaceta Oficial N° 5.496 Extraordinario de fecha 31 de octubre de 2000.
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septiembre de 1999 Decreto Nº 313.
Digna Estefanía Julio Valencia
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Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Educational praxis from pedagogy
and critical didactics
Praxis educativa desde la
pedagogía y didáctica crítica
Yselia Yeniree López Galvis
https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5591-9053
Santa Bárbara, Barinas state / Venezuela
* Essay published within the framework of the Doctorate in Education at the National Experimental University of the
Western Plains Ezequiel Zamora (Unellez).
** Ph. D. student in the Unellez, Barinas, Venezuela. Holds a Master of Science in Education with a focus on University
Teaching and a Bachelor's degree in Education with a specialization in Mathematics, both from Unellez. Also holds a Ba-
chelor's degree in Public Accounting from Unellez. Currently serving as the Head of the Health Statistics Subprogram at
Unellez, under the Academic Program Santa Bárbara. Email: yselialopez@gmail.com.
How to Cite: López, G. Y. Y. (2024). Educational praxis from pedagogy and critical didactics . Revista
Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9),151-157. https://doi.org/10.59654/de3jkx12
151
Received: May/23/2023 Reviewed: June/5/2023 Accepted: July/17/2023 Published: January/10/2024
https://doi.org/10.59654/de3jkx12
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
152
Abstract
Currently we are facing important debates in various fields of science, it is a matter of social,
natural, mathematical and, above all, educational relevance, to strengthen the basic principles
of the philosophical and epistemological critical current; In this context, there is great interest in
theoretical-practical reflection in the field of educational sciences, especially in the field of pe-
dagogy and didactics. In addition to the basic principles of critical theory and the contributions
of the critical tradition in science and education, promoting the development of this pedagogical
and didactic direction responding to the needs and interests of our society, which seeks a path
towards sociopolitical, economic freedom and cultural, especially in this field.
Keywords
Pedagogía critica, didáctica, Educación, corriente crítica. .
Resumen
Actualmente nos enfrentamos a importantes debates en diversos campos de la ciencia, es una
cuestión de relevancia social, natural, matemática y sobre todo educativa, fortalecer los princi-
pios básicos de la corriente crítica filosófica y epistemológica; en este contexto, existe un gran
interés por la reflexión teórico-práctica en el campo de las ciencias de la educación, especial-
mente en el campo de la pedagogía y la didáctica. Además de los principios básicos de la teoría
crítica y los aportes de la tradición crítica en ciencia y educación, fomentando el desarrollo de
esta dirección pedagógica y didáctica respondiendo a las necesidades e intereses de nuestra
sociedad, que busca un camino hacia la libertad sociopolítica, económica y cultural, especial-
mente en este campo.
Keywords
Pedagogía critica, didáctica, Educación, corriente crítica.
Educational praxis from pedagogy and critical didactics
Today, there is a growing need to reflect and rethink whether the meaning that university pro-
fessors give to their teaching practices goes hand in hand with vision, innovation and the crea-
tion of solutions to problems. educational problems and challenges of our time. Likewise, public
educational policies, both international and national, require that university teachers commit to
seeking innovative teaching and learning alternatives that allow dynamic and transformative
teaching practices, not only from the interdisciplinary nature of science but also from the rele-
vance of its context in the society of influence.
That is why education is a transformative social phenomenon in which the practice of trainers
must demonstrate an anthropological position on the content and purpose of the students'
learning process, a humanistic and transformative vision of the facts of education. , thus trigge-
ring learning-oriented processes to the extent that they are socially relevant, subtly or intentio-
nally infiltrate critical didactic foundations derived from the assumptions of Paulo Freire, Henry
Giroux, Peter McLaren, Orlando Fals Borda and others explain it well.
Yselia Yeniree López Galvis
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Educational praxis from pedagogy and critical didactics
For this reason, this new vision of the educational process must be participatory, intercultural,
pro-equal, equitable and inclusive, so educational planning must be flexible, comprehensive,
inclusive and intentional, especially in the teaching in process. Therefore, such critical pedagogy
must be capable of preparing students to face the cruelty of today's world, based on the cons-
truction of knowledge that is carried out individually and collectively, so teachers must become
transcultural researchers of the different aspects of diversity. They must gain integration since
the Cultural Revolution, to achieve meaning and symbolism in a dialogue full of love and hu-
manity.
In this sense, pedagogy and didactics aim to initiate and accompany all educational activity in
the teaching and learning process through political reflection on the teacher-teacher task. The-
refore, it is worth mentioning critical theory, which provides us with the basic scientific elements
necessary to create an intimate relationship between education and politics in the broadest
sense, and politics in its truest sense as well. This is the only possibility of combining individual
and collective experience with learning and teaching. It facilitates a fundamental understanding
of social interaction and interdependence, which would not be possible without analyzing the
political decision-making process within the historical context of each society. This training is
only possible because of the relationship between education and politics, especially between
pedagogy and critical reflection on society. From the point of view of critical theory, the funda-
mental objective of education is to clarify, liberate and destroy the domination of the particular
and social spheres. I believe that any act of education implies a political position and vice versa.
To achieve this, we cannot do without explanatory theories of the relationship between educa-
tion and political reflection-action, of which perhaps the most coherent is critical theory. For
this reason, pedagogy and didactics are considered practical, interactive, social, active, conser-
vative or instructive acts, and therefore, they are political acts.
Critical didactics, also known as critical pedagogy, is a social philosophical movement that uses
conceptions of critical theory in the teaching-learning process, offering a series of theoretical
aspects that debate both the contents and intentions of pedagogy functioning as ideological
support. , the didactics being visible in the classroom and in the contents that are taught directly,
being understood in this way as the same process
In this sense, it is understood as a very recent radical theory, which is also referred to as the
new sociology of education, in other words, critical pedagogy is a teaching approach that allows
the individual to debate and examine knowledge. Who conceive it, thus allowing them to specify
a mechanism between theory and practice in which critical cognition is acquired.
For this reason, it becomes a theoretical-practical approach that seeks the development and
restructuring of the traditionalist foundations and praxis present in education, in addition to
proposing that the teaching-learning process as a tool through which critical consciousness.
Now, from an epistemological point of view, critical didactics assumes that all knowledge is me-
diated through categories of understanding and its production is contained within the context,
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Yselia Yeniree López Galvis
not outside of it (Rojas, 2020). If didactic activity is essentially pedagogical activity, critical di-
dactics takes into account its consequences and political factors.
The latter also claims the idea that the modern school is not a creation beyond history, but is
concerned with the emergence and development of specific types of societies and states
(
Cuesta, Mainer, Mateos, et al, 2005). So it performs an important function that stands out and
this includes a focus on the school content and the subjects they teach, the instructional stra-
tegies and the relationship between teachers and students, strengthening the dialogic relations-
hips built with an egalitarian dialogue focused on both the needs of the students as well as the
needs of the teacher. Likewise, the impact of educational practices on students is examined,
particularly those historically excluded from traditional education.
That is why the suggestions developed by the most important representatives of critical edu-
cation lead to general approaches of traditional pedagogy and strong perceptions. Among
the perspectives of these approaches, the student is considered as a producer of information
agents who does not need the development of proposals and critical processes, that is, the
student is only a beneficiary of the information. As an alternative to theoretical practice,
when the hypotheses of critical education are created,
Freeire (2005) increases education
through practice, of freedom that emphasizes the political and ethical characteristics of edu-
cational problems.
Thus, in Freireina's pedagogical proposals, the process of new training must produce a new
person who knows his or her own reality and is committed to transforming it, emphasizing
reinvention as a fundamental aspect in the construction of dialogue, critical humanism, and
liberating experience and the forms of social relationship (
Valencia, 2009). Likewise, from the
perspective of
Giroux (2000), it is a denial and oscillation of new perspectives and critical po-
sitions on class systems and processes, how new transgressions can occur that challenge the
limits of knowledge and seek a critical approach, so For this author, pedagogy promotes: (a)
Creating contexts in which students read and write within and against existing cultural codes.
(b) Create spaces that produce new forms of knowledge, subjectivity and identity.
According to the report Teaching Pedagogy: From a Critical Perspective (
Ortega Valencia, López
& Tamayo, 2013), critical pedagogy, as McLaren sees it, is directly related to practice because it
allows us to see various power relations, both internal and external, where a school excels in
the fight for the freedom to exist with its own mind, an act of democracy.
Thus, educational practice, according to
Giroux (2003), is influenced by subjectivity, by political
and cultural interests realized through experience and academic knowledge. Likewise, the ac-
quisition of knowledge is a social rather than an individual activity, since it is one of the results
of social interaction, and this knowledge varies according to culture, context and customs.
Now, Freire's problematic pedagogy places dialogue and research as fundamental pillars of the
educational process. The characteristics of autonomy, hope, ethics and aesthetics appear as
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Educational praxis from pedagogy and critical didactics
main elements of the learning process in his work. With his proposals of critical pedagogy, Freire
calls for the subjects of the curriculum to form critical and reflective subjects, collectively expe-
riencing change and transformation. It begins with practical experience, moves to theory and
returns to modified experience (
Mirabal, 2008).
From this point of view, these proposals form a new way of accommodating students and tea-
chers in various sociocultural and political processes of the academy. In the vision of critical pe-
dagogy, teachers must be appreciated based on the ideological and political interests that
constitute the environment of the dissertation, socialization in the classroom and the values
that they themselves establish in their praxis so that they can adopt different representations
and practices, in this way critical pedagogy does not homogenize individuals, but rather shapes
the environment of work, socialization in the classroom and the values they affirm in practice,
valuing them to embrace diverse expressions and experiences, understand aspects of human
fusion and divergence across many differences.
Therefore, it can be seen that the relationship between teachers and students must be based
on the knowledge that there is a close dependence between knowledge and power, and tools
must be provided to generate transformation in everyday life. Changing what a teacher sees
as a “need” is done through education.
This is why the didactics used in classes can create a concept of a life project that aims to achieve
a quality of life diametrically opposed to the factor of social isolation to achieve free, quality
education. Critical pedagogy should then promote critical learning, but it should involve critical
practice by problematizing and examining knowledge based on an appropriate logic of thought.
According to
Ramírez (2008), there are six assumptions that must be considered to describe
and understand critical teaching. These hypotheses describe both the theoretical foundation
of critical didactics and the learning activities emanating from them:
Promotion of Social Engagement: According to the public education model, critical pedagogy
promotes social engagement beyond the school context. It involves strengthening democratic
thinking to enable collective awareness of issues and alternative solutions.
Horizontal Communication: It aims to ensure equality of conditions among different fields in-
volved in the teaching-learning process. Therefore, the hierarchical relationship is broken, and
the process of "unlearning," "learning," and "relearning" is established, which also affects sub-
sequent "thinking" and "evaluation."
Historical Reconstruction: Historical reconstruction is an experience that allows us to unders-
tand the emergence of pedagogy and consider the scope and limits of the educational process
as a result of political and communicative changes.
Humanization of the Educational Process: It means sharpening the senses while stimulating
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
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Yselia Yeniree López Galvis
intellectual functions. It involves creating the necessary conditions for self-care and the formation
of collective behaviors. The same applies to the critical awareness of institutions or structures
that cause oppression.
Contextualization of the Learning Process: Based on the principle of nurturing community
life, it seeks manifestations of collective identity in the face of cultural crises and values based
on separation and exclusion. In this way, schools are perceived as settings that test and question
hegemonic models.
Changes in Social Reality: All of the above has implications not only in the classroom but also
at the micropolitical level. Schools are perceived as spaces and dynamics where social problems
can be addressed, and concrete ways of finding solutions can be proposed.
For this reason, in the educational context, starting from critical pedagogy is a new paradigm
of thought. The professional experience of a teacher can be seen as a kind of academic life,
and the main meaning of the learning process is who, why, how, when, and where specific ac-
tivities and academic activities will take place. These learning activities provide a way to develop
self-awareness to promote the construction of new knowledge from personal experience, trans-
formation, as well as the specific context of the individual, and social change in a socio-educa-
tional context.
A first conclusion derived from the above is that from a critical standpoint, the educator ac-
cepts a theory that views society's problems not as an isolated fact of each individual but as
the result of an established interaction between the individual and society, as the individual
is an agent of this society (they create this context and create). While dialectical theory creates
interactions "from context to components and from subsystems to facts," critical theory con-
siders these aspects simultaneously. Critical educators believe that schooling must have a
truly theoretical aspect. Critical theorists argue that "knowledge is socially constructed." That
is, it arises from a collective agreement among individuals who maintain certain social rela-
tionships and ties over a period of time. Critical pedagogy asks how and why knowledge is
constructed as it is and how some of these constructions are legitimized and adopted by the
dominant culture, granting some forms of knowledge more power and recognition than ot-
hers.
Similarly, it is concluded that critical educators are concerned with transcending existing con-
tradictions and finding harmony between technical and practical knowledge. Critical pedagogy
is fundamentally concerned with understanding the relationship between power and knowledge.
The curriculum of critical pedagogy provides an opportunity to prepare students for roles such
as mastery or subordination, so they are interested in how the various elements used in the cu-
rriculum are implemented in practice. Critical teaching does not guarantee the absence of obs-
tacles. However, it provides a framework for understanding barriers so that all pedagogies are
vulnerable to sociocultural conditions that lead to resistance, thus providing opportunities for
learners who are considered unique causes of resistance.
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In conclusion, it is affirmed that, in the current Latin American context, critical pedagogy plays
an important role in overcoming inequality and exclusion, in the vindication and evaluation of
educational work, and in preserving ethical and political values in educational practice. Envi-
ronments where individuals and their processes of reality change thrive.
References
Cuesta, R., Mainer, J., Mateos, J. Merchán, J. and Vicente, M. (2005) Didáctica crítica. Allí donde
se encuentran la necesidad y el deseo. Con-ciencia Social, 9, 17-54. https://dialnet.uni-
rioja.es/descarga/articulo/2307535.pdf
Freire, P. (2005). Pedagogía del oprimido. Siglo XXI.
Giroux, H. (2000). Democracia y el discurso de la diferencia cultural: hacia una política pedagó-
gica de los límites. Kikirikí: Quaderns digitals, 31-32. http://www.quadernsdigitals.
net/index.php?accionMenu=hemeroteca.VisualizaArticuloIU.visualiza&articulo_id=1055
Giroux, H. (2003). Pedagogía y política de la esperanza. Teoría, Cultura y enseñanza. Amorrortu
editores.
Piedad, O. V., López, C. D. Tamayo, V. A. (2013). Pedagogía y didáctica: Desde una perspectiva
crítica. Bogotá.
Ramírez, B. R. (2008). La pedagogía crítica. Una manera ética de generar procesos educativos.
Folios, 28, 108-119. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3459/345941358009.pdf
Rojas, O. A. R. (2009). La didáctica crítica, critica la crítica educación bancaria. Integra Educativa,
4(2), 93-108. http://www.scielo.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1997-
40432009000100006
Ortega, V. P. (2009). La pedagogía crítica: Reflexiones en torno a sus prácticas y desafíos. Peda-
gogía y Saberes, (31), 26-34. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/6140/614064889003.pdf
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
Zuly Yobana Ramírez García
https:orcid.org/000-0002-5080-8927
San Cristóbal, Táchira state / Venezuel.
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 159-171
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
159
Ongoing teacher training for
educatinal inclusion based on
competency-based teaching
Formación permanente del docente para una
inclusión educativa basado en la
enseñanza por competencia
Dustin Martínez Mora
https:orcid.org/ 0000-0002-5409-0190
San Cristóbal, Táchira state / Venezuela
* Essay published within the framework of the Doctorate in Education at the Pedagogical Experimental Li-
bertador University (UPEL).
Ph.D. student in Education Sciences at the Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador. Educational
Unit "Juan Bautista García Roa." Specialist Teacher in Inclusive Classroom. Email:
martinezdustin690@gmail.com
** Ph.D. student in Education Sciences at the Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador. Productive
School "Carmen América de Leoni." Principal Director. Email: iszugarcizyrg@gmail.com.
How to Cite: Martínez, M. D. & Ramírez, G. Z. Y. (2024). Ongoing teacher training for educational
inclusion based on competency-based teaching. Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9),
159-171. https://doi.org/10.59654/1zkt2j91
Received: May/16/2023 Reviewed: May/29/2023 Accepted: August/21/2023 Published: January/10/2024
https://doi.org/10.59654/1zkt2j91
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
160
160
Dustin Martínez Mora and Zuly Yobana Ramírez García
Abstract
Currently, society is reshaping education and continuous teacher and future professional trai-
ning, emphasizing inclusion and competency-based methodology. This aims to equip educators
to foster inclusive education from various perspectives, driving changes for effective outcomes
and adaptation to high-quality methodological strategies. The article aims to establish a rela-
tionship of inclusive education with teaching, based on competency-based methodology, high-
lighting that this implies profound changes at all educational levels and requires a commitment
to educational excellence for optimal teacher training and inclusion across all educational con-
texts. The article amalgamates these concepts in research that seeks to analyze continuous trai-
ning to build pedagogical knowledge and promote competency-based teaching as essential
elements to encourage complex thinking and advance in the educational field.
Keywords:
Ongoing training, educational inclusion, competency-based teaching, disability.
Resumen
En la actualidad, la sociedad reconfigura la educación y la formación continua de docentes y
futuros profesionales, con énfasis en la inclusión y en la metodología basada en competencias.
Esto busca capacitar a los educadores para fomentar una educación inclusiva desde distintas
perspectivas, generando cambios para resultados efectivos y adaptación a estrategias meto-
dológicas de alta calidad. El artículo se propone establecer una relación de formación inclusiva
con la enseñanza, a partir de la metodología basada en competencias, subrayando que esto
implica cambios profundos en todos los niveles educativos y exige compromiso con la exce-
lencia educativa para una formación docente óptima y la inclusión en todos los contextos edu-
cativos. El artículo amalgama estos conceptos en una investigación que busca analizar la
formación continua para construir conocimiento pedagógico y promover la enseñanza basada
en competencias, como elementos esenciales para fomentar un pensamiento complejo y avan-
zar en el ámbito educativo.
Palabras clave: Formación permanente, inclusión educativa, enseñanza por competencia, dis-
capacidad.
Ongoing teacher training for educational inclusion
based on competency-based teaching
The educational process brings with it the need for continuous training of teachers in their va-
rious areas of knowledge and competencies. An academic training experience will allow the
teacher to move towards comprehensive training for the inclusion of inclusive educational prac-
tices, where teaching is strengthened, and where the teacher can also be grounded and trans-
formed in various ways of thinking to achieve the acquisition of knowledge.
Each academic experience brings along a variety of approaches and trends that will allow the
teacher to approach each teaching process differently, depending on the condition presented,
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 159-171
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161
Ongoing teacher training for educational inclusion
based on competency-based teaching
and in which from educational practice to research tasks, they can develop to enhance those
learning experiences in order to approach a competency-based teaching model. This approach
addresses the inclusion of students with disabilities in primary education.
With reference to the above, competency-based teaching and the ongoing training of teachers
for the educational inclusion of students aim to develop in teachers a critical and cooperative
spirit, framed in its fundamental principle, which is to address the diverse needs of students.
This requires applicable skills and knowledge, so that the result of pedagogical knowledge allows
them to manage didactic resources, where the student can actively engage in their own learning
and reflect on their daily practices.
It is worth noting that when talking about ongoing teacher training for inclusion, we are referring
to that personal training process that is acquired for the achievement of pedagogical teaching.
This process must respond to a structure of knowledge and skills, so that this complex reality,
with a unique experience of innovation and creativity, enables the teacher to develop compe-
tency-based training relevant to educational programs and quality management. This includes
student mobility, professional training, focus, and excellent application of knowledge to address
the difficulties of children, youth, and adults equally and ensure them an education.
In this regard, educational inclusion seeks to encourage and ensure that every person is "part of" and
does not remain "separated from." As a result, it contains certain demands, disciplinary characteristics,
the pursuit of truth, and respect for differences. In this context,
Casanova (2018, p. 1) deduces:
El modelo de educación inclusiva supone la implementación sistémica de una organiza-
ción educativa que disponga de las características y posibilidades necesarias para atender
al conjunto de la población escolarizada, diversa por principio y por naturaleza, en estos
momentos de la historia. Dicho planteamiento implica la disponibilidad de un currículo
abierto y flexible, es decir democrático y una organización escolar que permita su práctica
óptima. Además, la educación inclusiva debe constituir un núcleo aglutinador de la so-
ciedad, que colabore con el centro educativo para que este se convierta en una comunidad
de aprendizaje, en la que todos participan y aportan, su riqueza individual y grupal a la
mejora de cada uno de sus integrantes
1
.
It is necessary to direct an educational model in accordance with the demands of including stu-
dents with disabilities from a cross-cutting perspective, which equates to a whole system esta-
1
Our translation: The model of inclusive education implies the systemic implementation of an educational orga-
nization that possesses the necessary characteristics and possibilities to cater to the entire enrolled population, di-
verse in principle and by nature, in these moments of history. This approach involves the availability of an open
and flexible curriculum, that is to say, democratic, and a school organization that allows for its optimal practice.
Moreover, inclusive education must constitute an aggregating core of society, collaborating with the educational
center to transform it into a learning community, in which everyone participates and contributes, their individual
and group wealth to the improvement of each of its members.
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
162
Dustin Martínez Mora and Zuly Yobana Ramírez García
blished to provide access and reciprocal participation to every person regardless of their con-
dition. Human beings, even though they are characterized by the need to come together or
group in all spheres of human life, in some way, experience the phenomenon of exclusion;
hence, it is necessary to recognize that education for inclusion is required. In this sense, the
teaching of competencies must be integrated into the teacher, empowering them in the process
and development of that curricular conception, including didactic conception and the types of
strategies to implement, taking into account that prior to this, the teacher must identify capa-
cities and competencies related to inclusive attention.
It means then that we must maintain a focus on teaching with specific aspects towards the tea-
ching of learning, in order to integrate knowledge into each of the cognitive processes.
Castillo
et al. (2022, p. 1)
assert that “La realidad contemporánea demanda un docente que tenga roles
activos en la elección de alternativas pedagógicas, que estimulen la capacidad de participar ofre-
ciendo opciones que le permitan a los educandos aprender críticamente”
2
As can be understood, it is important to equip the teacher with the basic tools that enable them
to assume their own potentialities, allowing them to navigate, consider changes that may be
necessary, including those that arise from social processes, with an open stance towards reforms
and consistency in their structures and methods. In this regard, education needs teachers with
innovative attitudes and dispositions, capable of tackling projects and fostering educational in-
novation, in order for them to transfer knowledge for the proper use of methodologies, aiming
to achieve effective teaching and meaningful inclusion of learning.
Teacher training should be oriented towards investigating their teaching reality, where, as the
authors
Cejas et al. (2019, p. 5) point out, three basic domains for understanding formation are
shown: el saber (conocimientos), el saber hacer (de las competencias) y las actitudes (compromiso
personal)”
3
. It's worth mentioning that the competency-based approach, as an educational met-
hodology, enables students to acquire content and reflect in the individual a set of skills, abilities,
and knowledge, so that the person engaged in an activity can be committed to fulfilling res-
ponsibilities and, in turn, demonstrate their performance in the workplace.
Regarding the competency-based approach, it is seen as a contemporary approach, aiming to
foster lifelong learning, and it has had behavioral versus constructivist positions. As an approach,
it possesses diverse attributes, which are based on the construction and integration of resources
such as capabilities, skills, and attitudes.
For
Tobón (2013), the competency-based approach aims to change the way of thinking about
and approaching educational practice, moving towards an optimal performance of the teacher
2
Our translation: Contemporary reality demands a teacher who has active roles in choosing pedagogical alter-
natives that stimulate the capacity to participate by offering options that allow students to learn critically.
3
Our translation: knowledge (content), know-how (competencies), and attitudes (personal commitment).
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Ongoing teacher training for educational inclusion
based on competency-based teaching
in educational processes, which will lead to simplifying learning according to the interests of
each participant. Hence the importance of seeking strategies and methods that enable ongoing
teacher training for educational inclusion.
Consequently, teacher training from the competency-based approach allows us to move to-
wards the quality of the teaching process, which must chart a course towards effective learning.
A clear definition of what educational quality development is brings us closer to those skills and
knowledge that aid in the planning, progress, and advancement of teacher training.
Based on the same premise, it is important to make it clear that competencies, understood as
a teaching and learning process, are oriented towards people acquiring skills, knowledge, and
abilities, and in turn, forming themselves to achieve development through communication,
construction, and interaction, allowing the teacher to take on a self-directed and intelligent ap-
proach to their own knowledge.
In the words of
Flórez & Vivas (2007, p. 169), “Todo proyecto y acción educativa son válidos y potentes
pedagógicamente si contribuyen a la formación humana”
4
. It can be said that any project or action
that has an impact on human formation is valuable and effective from an educational standpoint.
Subsequently, competency-based teacher training focuses on developing practical skills and
knowledge in future educators, enabling them to effectively confront real situations in the clas-
sroom. This approach aims for teachers to apply what they've learned in everyday situations
and to be prepared to adapt to the changing needs of students and the surrounding world.
Additionally, competency-based training aims to promote collaborative work and ongoing re-
flection on teaching practice.
However, continuous teacher professional development is a continuous and essential process
for the professional growth of every educator. It consists of a set of activities, courses, workshops,
seminars, and other initiatives aimed at improving teachers' skills, knowledge, and competencies
in their pedagogical work, as well as curriculum reorganization, and in turn, promoting a genuine
change in teachers' perception by modifying ingrained implicit beliefs.
In this sense,
Monereo (2010) proposes teacher training based on four (4) dimensions: the first
is the level of definition of the training program, the second is the extent to which it is agreed
upon with teachers and participants, the third is the meaning and sense given to the training
as a socio-cultural learning project, which achieves the personal effort of human beings to be
educated in the most appropriate and competent way in order to come together in a space
that enables equality, freedom, and fraternity for all.
4
Our translation: Any educational project and action are valid and pedagogically powerful if they contribute to
human formation.
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Dustin Martínez Mora and Zuly Yobana Ramírez García
Now, concerning the training of teacher competencies, these are skills and knowledge that a
teacher must possess to perform their work effectively, such as knowledge of the content they
teach, the ability to plan and organize teaching, the ability to teach when transmitting know-
ledge, as well as the way they assess student performance through motivating teamwork that
fosters collaboration among all to achieve success in the teaching process.
On the other hand,
Davini (2015, p. 19) states that:
A partir de entonces y hasta hoy, en relación con el papel de las prácticas en la formación
de los docentes, se ha venido desarrollando un movimiento que apunta a recuperar la
vida real de las aulas, en su diversidad y complejidad y las experiencias concretas que se
desarrollan en ellas
5
.
According to the author, the teacher transforms each experience and learning developed in
the classrooms by projecting an education-oriented approach to students. Thanks to their con-
tinuous training, they can innovate, create, and discover new meaningful strategies correspon-
ding to the interests and needs of the students.
As can be seen, teachers can develop a wide variety of competencies based on their training.
Some of the most common competencies that teachers can develop include pedagogical skills,
subject matter knowledge, classroom management skills, the ability to foster a positive learning
environment, assessment and monitoring skills for both the teacher and students, teamwork
skills, and collaboration with other teachers, as well as the ability to adapt to the individual needs
of each student.
Similarly, for a teacher to form and provide effective teaching, they must seek a participatory
construction of pedagogical models within educational projects. This involves planning, imple-
menting, and evaluating the teaching-learning process, along with didactic competencies that
develop knowledge and techniques to transmit content clearly and comprehensibly.
Regarding competence-based teaching, it is an educational approach that focuses on the de-
velopment of practical skills and knowledge in which students need to face real-life situations,
rather than focusing on the transmission of theoretical information. It involves solving problems
and making decisions within the learning space for the optimal development of their social and
emotional skills.
In this regard,
Díaz (2006, p. 98) points out:
5
Our translation: Since then and until today, in relation to the role of practice in teacher training, a movement has
been developing that aims to recover the real life of the classrooms, in its diversity and complexity and the concrete
experiences that take place in them
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El docente tiene que desarrollar su sabiduría experiencial y su creatividad para afrontar
las situaciones únicas, ambiguas, inciertas y conflictivas que configuran la vida del aula.
En esta situación, es la práctica el elemento vertebrador de la formación docente, de ma-
nera que es en ella y a partir de ella como se organizan los programas de formación.
The teacher must develop experiential wisdom and creativity to face the unique, ambiguous,
uncertain, and conflicting situations that shape the life of the classroom. In this situation, practice
is the central element of teacher training, so that programs are organized based on it and de-
rived from it.
In light of what the author has presented, the teacher plays a significant role in the education
of the student, employing various methods in learning spaces through continuous training. This
enables the teacher to create gratifying experiences aimed at enhancing students' cognitive
processes when they encounter situations that make them think, feel, and solve any given si-
tuation, guided by the curriculum implemented by their teacher.
Hence, the teacher can develop competencies within the learning space in various ways. Firstly,
it is important for the teacher to have clarity about the competencies they want to develop and
consider them when planning their classes. An effective strategy is the use of active and parti-
cipatory methodologies, allowing students to develop their skills and competencies through
practice and reflection.
For example, problem-solving, guided research, among others, are methodologies that encou-
rage competency development. It is crucial for the teacher to be a role model for their students,
demonstrating skills and attitudes associated with the competencies that can be developed,
not only through theory but also through practical examples.
Likewise, the teacher can motivate their students to develop competencies in various ways. It is
important for the teacher to foster a positive and safe learning environment in which each stu-
dent feels comfortable participating and taking risks in their learning. This can be achieved ef-
fectively through gamification, involving the use of game elements in the educational process.
For instance, the teacher can design activities that include challenges and rewards, motivating
students to learn and develop their competencies.
On the other hand,
Imbernón (2013, p. 493) expresses:
La planificación de la formación permanente del profesorado ha de responder a las exi-
gencias del Sistema Educativo. Por lo tanto, será necesario que se planifique una forma-
6
Our translation: The teacher has to develop his experiential wisdom and creativity to face the unique, ambiguous,
uncertain and conflicting situations that make up the classroom life. In this situation, it is the practice the backbone
of teacher training, so that it is in it and from it that training programs are organized.
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Dustin Martínez Mora and Zuly Yobana Ramírez García
ción permanente que se corresponda, que dé respuesta, a esas exigencias; de la misma
manera, dicha formación deberá situarse, de acuerdo a la coyuntura que atraviesa el sis-
tema dentro del sistema educativo que contemple todos los elementos implicados y que
les dé sentido
7
.
For the author, every teacher in their process of continuous training appropriates the necessary
knowledge to respond to the specific needs expressed by their students through a praxis aimed at
developing planning through didactic innovations based on the curricular design that guides the
learning model. This will strengthen each student's abilities in the social and pedagogical sphere.
It is worth mentioning the personalization of learning, which allows the teacher to adapt to the in-
dividual interests and needs of each student. In this way, students are motivated to learn because
they feel that their educational process is relevant and meaningful to them. The teacher must pro-
mote self-evaluation and reflection in their students so that they can become aware of their own
learning process and set realistic and achievable goals. In this way, students will be more engaged
in their own educational process and more motivated to develop their competencies.
The challenges in teacher training are many and varied, but teachers can overcome them with
continuous training, a learning attitude, and a willingness to adapt to changes. Therefore, teachers
must be able to work as a team with other teachers and school staff members to improve the
quality of education, which involves developing effective communication and collaboration skills.
In this regard,
Peña (2017) refers to the fact that teaching practice has taken a 180-degree turn
at this moment. In this changing world, education is not exempt from this; everything requires
changes, constant training, courses, workshops, and innovation in educational planning are in-
centives for improvement in teaching, in favor of achieving quality in the teaching-learning pro-
cesses.
So that the teacher's commitment in the teaching process is expected to be guided through
the changes reflected in current education, through the development of competencies leading
to direct and participative training to take on a role that will strengthen their confidence in struc-
turing a curricular organization. Through experience, depending on the methodology develo-
ped creatively, playfully, and practically in the classroom.
It is noteworthy that teachers must stay updated to assess competencies. The teacher needs to
have a clear understanding of competencies, design appropriate evaluation tools, observe and
record evidence, analyze the results, and provide feedback to students.
7
Our translation: The planning of continuous teacher training must respond to the demands of the Education
System. Therefore, it will be necessary to plan continuous training that corresponds, that responds, to those de-
mands; in the same way, this training should be situated, according to the current situation the system is going
through within the educational system that considers all the elements involved and gives them meaning.
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While it is true, Gorodokin (2006, p. 2) points out: “la formación de formadores debe procurar su-
jetos competentes, contribuyendo a la construcción de la mirada del sujeto enseñante, como con-
cepto fundante en la constitución del oficio de docente como punto de partida de la construcción
de la realidad”
8
. It is important to highlight the significance of teacher training to be able to assume
a role oriented towards competency development, allowing the student to demonstrate their skills
and abilities through strategies that provide guidance. In this way, they acquire knowledge through
content adapted to the interests of each student within the learning space.
On the other hand, educational institutions in the different modalities of the Venezuelan educational
system aim to promote teacher training projects based on collaborative practices. This involves the
teacher imparting teaching styles and promoting formative models within the educational center,
structured through conferences, workshops, formal qualification programs, informal activities, net-
working, collaboration among center colleagues, and reading academic literature.
Considering the above, it is important for the teacher to have competencies related to tea-
ching and didactic pedagogical strategies aimed at the student's needs in the educational
institution, to achieve opportunities where they strengthen their pedagogical practice every
day and can guide in preventing the needs of the student, for the achievement of opportu-
nities.
In all of this,
Díaz (2013, p. 2) points out:
El docente es una circunstancia que se forma desde la interioridad de una persona. Si la
persona tiene principios, valores y convicciones así las tendrá el docente y desde esta re-
ferencia axiológica, que se inicia y desarrolla en la familia, como valores fundantes, se
forma el docente. Quienes ingresan a la docencia, bien por vocación primaria, tradición
familiar u otras razones, configuran con sus valores, conocimientos, tradiciones y prácticas
su identidad profesional. Cada docente constituye una historia por reconstruir y una bio-
grafía por escribir. Esa es la memoria pedagógica. Memoria que permite la reunirse con
las esperanzas, sueños, dedicación, entrega y esfuerzos que se dibujan en rostrocidad del
docente
9
.
8
Our translation: teacher training must aim for competent individuals, contributing to the construction of the tea-
cher's perspective, as a foundational concept in the constitution of the teaching profession as a starting point for
the construction of reality.
9
Our translation: The teacher is a circumstance that is formed from within a person. If the person has principles,
values, and convictions, so will the teacher, and from this axiological reference that begins and develops within the
family, as fundational values, the teacher is shaped. Those who enter teaching, whether through primary vocation,
family tradition, or other reasons, configure their professional identity with their values, knowledge, traditions, and
practices. Each teacher constitutes a history to be reconstructed and a biography to be written. That is pedagogical
memory. A memory that allows one to come together with the hopes, dreams, dedication, commitment, and
efforts that are depicted in the teacher's visage.
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Dustin Martínez Mora and Zuly Yobana Ramírez García
The implementation of the epistemological approach will generate knowledge that will strengthen
educational practice, allowing the teacher to recognize the importance it has in knowledge, as a
thinking and feeling being, a reference that promotes the acquisition of knowledge through re-
flection and criticism, to be open to achieving meaningful learning through flexible tools based
on the pedagogy employed by the teacher within the educational process.
In the teacher's work in learning environments, it is relevant for them to execute transformations
and changes in educational matters. This reflects the subjectivity of their functions, thanks to the
strategies or actions established for the well-being of their students. Their interest lies in wanting to
learn and develop to provide comprehensive tools in the classroom, avoiding barriers that may in-
terfere with teacher-student communication, as each child learns what their teacher has taught them.
It should be noted that the teacher is constantly in continuous training. To have proper performance
in the classroom, they must have a commitment and responsibility to their students, expressing af-
fection in teaching, and thus observing academic progress in students. Their role as a guide can be
objective in reflecting on their experience as a teacher in the space that provides education.
It means then that teacher training aims to learn a series of skills and abilities to be developed in
teaching, when it is of interest to a group of students with disabilities during the inclusive education
process. This encourages them to acquire learning from both a personal and professional pers-
pective with the group of students under their care.
In this regard,
Díaz (2006, p. 14) expresses:
La discusión que se adelanta sobre la formación docente exige un cambio radical respecto
a las concepciones y prácticas que se desarrollan, a pesar de las fuerzas de cambio que
emergen en los movimientos pedagógicos, permiten asumir la reflexión epistemológica
como una opción que le permita al docente transformar la concepción, muchas veces es-
tática, de su mundo personal y de la realidad, mediante un profundo proceso reflexivo
para así elaborar nuevos conocimientos que coadyuven a fortalecer y desarrollar su prác-
tica pedagógica, la cual revela, en gran parte, su proceso formativo
10
.
For this purpose, research is conducted to discover a competency model that fits the current charac-
teristics of students through projects applied in classrooms. Thanks to their training, they become ca-
pable of enhancing their skills by explaining different tasks to fulfill the curriculum guidelines for teaching.
10
Our translation: The discussion on teacher training demands a radical change regarding the conceptions and
practices that are developed, despite the forces of change emerging in pedagogical movements. This allows as-
suming epistemological reflection as an option that enables the teacher to transform the often static conception
of their personal world and reality. This is achieved through a profound reflective process to elaborate new know-
ledge that contributes to strengthening and developing their pedagogical practice, which largely reveals their for-
mative process.
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Ongoing teacher training for educational inclusion
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According to Davini (2015), teaching practices encompass a wide range of specific skills related
to the central axes of professional action, regardless of the specific school context in which the
teacher works. Training in these skills develops throughout teaching experience; however, many
of them need to be guided from initial training. They relate to the organization of teaching pro-
posals and their methodological construction, decision-making in action, management of spa-
ces, times, student groups, teaching and information resources, and evaluation processes. These
skills represent content to be developed in practical knowledge.
Therefore, the teacher in their process of continuous training is constantly learning to provide
suitable educational practices for the student population. Their methodological strategies will
facilitate decision-making when carrying out a series of activities in time and space, thus fulfilling
content development. They can contextualize the information provided by the teacher through
different resources that will strengthen their abilities to evaluate the practical knowledge acquired
by the student within the classroom.
It i necessary to emphasize what
Imbernón (2011, p. 82) states:
Una formación como desarrollo profesional debe proponer un proceso de formación que
capacite al profesorado en conocimientos, destrezas y actitudes para desarrollar profe-
sionales reflexivos o investigadores; en ellos, se considera como eje clave del currículum de
formación del profesorado el desarrollo de instrumentos intelectuales para facilitar las ca-
pacidades reflexivas sobre la propia práctica docente, y cuya meta principal es
aprender a interpretar, comprender y reflexionar sobre la enseñanza y la realidad social
de forma comunitaria. Adquiere relevancia también el carácter ético de la actividad edu-
cativa
11
.
Every teaching professional provides attention to students through curricular adjustments, which
will allow planning, diagnosing, and analyzing the learning outcomes achieved from the various
instructional tasks assigned by their teacher. This will result in internal and external training to
be implemented in problem-solving according to the social and educational context that offers
a quality life in the environment they have been included.
Maintaining an inclusive education relationship with a competency-based approach implies
profound changes at all educational levels, taking into account and clarifying that following this
approach is committing to quality teaching to achieve teacher training, seeking inclusion in all
educational contexts.
11
Our translation: A professional development training should propose a training process that empowers teachers
with knowledge, skills, and attitudes to develop reflective or research-oriented professionals. The key axis of the
teacher training curriculum is considered to be the development of intellectual tools to facilitate reflective capacities
regarding their own teaching practice. The main goal is to learn how to interpret, understand, and reflect on tea-
ching and social reality in a communal manner. The ethical nature of educational activity also becomes relevant.
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© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
Dustin Martínez Mora and Zuly Yobana Ramírez García
In conclusion, the competency-based approach, seen from competency-based training, will
allow the teacher to transform in their different ways of thinking and understanding and guiding
in educational practice for meaningful training. A teacher who teaches with parameters will
make their student begin to value the human, and the construction of autonomous learning
will serve as personal growth for curricular training guidance. In turn, this will allow the deve-
lopment of competencies in a significant way to move towards teacher training with a focus on
educational inclusion, accessing organization to obtain multifaceted learning, suitable for the
complexity of society and its emergencies.
Consequently, the teacher must have as a basis continuous training for complex thinking that
allows assuming a self-reflective strategic training with a great interest in inclusion and in the
field of education. Additionally, it is crucial to consider a perspective focused on curriculum de-
sign, based on action research, with the purpose of understanding all metacognitive processes
from a competency-based approach.
Indeed, improving the quality of teachers at different levels of subsystems implies the need to
conceptualize competencies within the framework of human development. This is achieved by
establishing complex thinking as a fundamental basis for its development and application.
Finally, the teacher must be clear that every formative process undergoes continuous change
that occurs within each formative process and allows organizing and integrating all cognitive
aspects to understand the dynamics in which education functions as an integrated system, which
allows forming, including, and developing complex thinking that complements building inclusive
education.
t is worth noting that within the rationality of the human being, several elements intertwine,
allowing, as Morin expresses, an understanding of complex thinking. This is related to human
life and social relationships; assuming a change and thinking about that reality that resists in-
clusion and training, arguing ideas that allow rationality and recognition of subjectivity and af-
fectivity that involves inclusion.
References
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31, 42-54. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/374/37458867001/html/
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como guia y mediador del proceso de enseñanza. Ciencia Latina Revista Cientifica Mu-
tidisciplinar, 12. https://ciencialatina.org/index.php/cienciala/article/view/ 4409/6764
Cejas, M. F., Rueda, M. M. J., Cayo, L. L. E., and Villa Andrade, L. C. (2019). Formación por com-
petencias: Reto a la educación superior. Revista Ciencias Sociales, XXV(1). https://www.re-
dalyc.org/journal/280/28059678009/28059678009.pdf
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Davini, M. C. (2015). La formación práctica docente. Editorial Paidos .
Díaz, Q. V. (2006). Formación docente, práctica pedagógica y saber pedagógico. Laurus, 12,
núm. Ext, 88-103. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=76109906
Díaz, Q. V. (2013). La reflexión epistemológica en la práctica pedagógica como entidad de la for-
mación docente. En D. Izarra y R. Ramírez (Comps.), Docente, enseñanza y escuela. (pp.
21-37). Caracas: Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador. http://ciegc.org.
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gica.pdf
Flórez, O. R., and Vivas, G. M. (2007). La formación como principio y fin de la acción pedagogica.
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bitstream/10495/7041/1/OchoaRafael_2007_formacioncomoaccionpedagogica.pdf
Gorodokin, I. C. (. (2006). La formación docente y su relación con la epistemologia. Revista Iberoa-
mericana de Educación, 1-9. https://rieoei.org/historico/deloslectores/1164Gorodokin.pdf
Imbernón, M. F. (2011). Un nuevo desarrollo profesional del profesorado para una nueva edu-
cación. Revista de Ciencias Humanas, 12 (19), 75-86. http://revistas.fw.uri.br/index.php/re-
vistadech/article/view/343
Monereo, C. (2010). La formación del profesorado: una pauta para el análisis e intervención a
través de incidentes críticos. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación. 52, 149-178.
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Morin, E. (1998). Introducción al pensamiento complejo. Gedisa Editorial.
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y evaluación. (4ta. Ed.). ECOE.
Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 173-180
Electronic ISSN: 2665-038X
Music, philosophy, and transcomplexity:
a conjunction between man, melody,
thought and reality
Música, filosofía y transcomplejidad:
una conjunción entre hombre,
melodía, pensamiento y realidad
Gregth Raynell Hernández Buenaño
https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-4525-5774
Caracas / Venezuela
* Ph.D. in Education. Metropolitan International University. Director of Academic Affairs. Email: gregthher-
nandez@gmail.com
Recibido: June/22/2023 Revisado: July/7/2023 Aprobado: August/21/2023 Publicado: January/10/2024
How to Cite: Hernández, B. G. R. (2024). Music, philosophy, and transcomplexity: a conjunction bet-
ween man, melody, thought and reality. Revista Digital de Investigación y Postgrado, 5(9), 173-180..
https://doi.org/10.59654/e909be83
173
https://doi.org/10.59654/e909be83
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
174
Abstract
This document aims to demonstrate the relationship between music and thought, two forms of
art and expression, which are oriented towards developing a balance between science, art, logic
and emotion, which demonstrate the need of man in hold an integral and transcendental vision
of its context, in an attempt to conceive a profuse and integrating perception of reality. With
the emergence of transcomplexity, man is faced with the possibility of building an open, reflec-
tive and integrating vision of his environment, with the intention of giving new meaning to his
perception of reality from a flexible and unfinished position. However, in the philosophical study
of music, this has shown us from its beginnings some aspects that transcomplexity has provided
to man in contemporary times. So, will music be a precedent for the transcomplex codex? Does
its philosophical nature allow us to glimpse a complex and integrating relationship between
man and his environment? Is music the beginning of the gestalt awakening? For this reason,
the author uses a journey between music and philosophy, seeking to overcome classical borders
in its appreciation and study, demonstrating its importance in the field of transcomplexity in his
attempt to build new representations to see life and resignify reality.
Keywords:
Músic, philosophy, transcomplexity.
Resumen
El presente documento, pretende evidenciar la relación entre la música y el pensamiento, dos
formas de arte y expresión, que se orientan en desarrollar un equilibro, entre la ciencia, el arte,
la lógica y la emoción, que demuestran la necesidad del hombre en sostener una visión integral
y trascendental sobre su contexto, en un intento de concebir una percepción profusa e inte-
gradora de la realidad. Con el surgimiento de la transcomplejidad, el hombre se encuentra ante
una posibilidad de construir una visión abierta, reflexiva e integradora de su entorno, con la in-
tención de resignificar su percepción de la realidad desde una postura flexible e inacabada. No
obstante, en el estudio filosófico de la música, esta nos ha demostrado desde sus inicios algunos
aspectos que la transcomplejidad ha proporcionado al hombre en la contemporaneidad. Por
lo que ¿será la música un precedente del códex transcomplejo? ¿Su naturaleza filosófica permite
vislumbrar una relación compleja e integradora del hombre y su entorno? ¿la música es el prin-
cipio del despertar gestáltico? Por ello, el autor se vale de un recorrido entre música y filosofía,
buscando superar las fronteras clásicas en su apreciación y estudio, demostrando su impor-
tancia en el plano de la transcomplejidad en su intento de construir nuevas representaciones
para ver la vida y resignificar la realidad.
Palabras clave:
Música, filosofía, transcomplejidad.
174
Gregth Raynell Hernández Buenaño
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Music, Philosophy, and Transcomplexity: A Conjunction between Man,
Melody, Thought, and Reality
175
Thought and Melody: two sides of the same coin
From the beginning of humanity, music has been a primal expression of individual creativity
and curiosity. From prehistory, where the nomadic man viewed hunting and gathering as means
of survival, to the modern day where man constructs routes or ladders to connect with the stars
in more than one sense, music has always been a part. In this way, it's an expression that, despite
man's limitations, fallibilities, and flaws, stands as a notable example of his greatness.
Music is, like thought, an expression in constant evolution, a result of its unfinished and adaptive
nature, a product of a perpetual back and forth. It aims to express feelings, emotions, situations,
and other events of reality. Life itself represents a journey wrapped in multiple melodies and
ways of thinking, both of which are harmonic forms endowed with their own sense of beauty
and truth. They stem from birth and lead to uncertain paths, shrouded in an aura of mystery
and spirituality.
Seen in this light, man on his journey encounters various melodies and ways of thinking. Each
one is subject to different ways of conceiving, interpreting, and constructing reality. His philo-
sophical nature prevents him from adhering to one specific form; on the contrary, it points to-
wards multiversality, a construct that follows a narrative thread among different realities, driven
by the diversity of ways of thinking, feeling, and seeing. Just like philosophy, music doesn't stray
from this reality. It focuses on shaping and transforming the human being at various stages of
life, with both resulting in ways to erect beauty, truth, and uniqueness, all under the concept of
harmony. The first musical interpretations were inspired by mimesis, a stance that captured
sounds and sought to recreate them, resulting in a representation of the natural world through
man's musical capabilities.
It is in this way that the natural world has represented for man an ontological foundation for
understanding certain events and offering explanations. From this, Pythagoras views music as
a science of proportion, which through 4 whole numbers or textures provides a purely mathe-
matical, rational nature, forming musical Pythagoreanism. This is described by
Nicola (2008) as
a hermetic doctrine that bases the concept of harmony and its presence in nature in a mathe-
matical way and prevents any contrary position. This harmony allows for other applications, as
Aguilar (2017) points out, for catharsis and the attention to the 4 humors, aspects that strengthen
its specular feature.
However, despite this instrumental and/or specular appearance, a portion of reality is evidenced
where music doesn't fully obey a mathematical foundation. While it's true that it has a rational
character, it also has a sensitive and even cultural nature, a fact that foresaw new ways of visua-
lizing and interpreting it. Beyond music, from the natural world, man has conceptualized a set
of sciences called natural or exact which, based on the explanation or Erklaren, formulate a
cause-effect relationship, a formal logic that, through objectivity, determinism, and verification,
sets rigorous mechanisms to study reality. However, this proves inefficient to study realities that
require concepts based on interrelations, integrations that maintain relationships alternate to
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176
the linear, in response to society.
From a musical standpoint, this insufficiency was observed, since mimesis should not only focus
on recreating the natural world under the domination of the mathematical scheme. The concept
of harmony involves a dialogic state between different contexts, realities, perceptions, a fact that
suggests alternatives to the recreation of nature, involving the manifestation of socio-cultural
development that was taking place in different contexts, generating emergent constructs against
these representations.
This new sensitivity stimulates new creations, where the melody not only seeks to explain the
natural world but also to represent and even criticize fabrics with greater articulation and inte-
raction between parts, such as society, culture, and even the inner being, strengthening the
study of that fifth essence. The study of this fifth essence, seen from the inner being and music,
implies understanding that the human being is a vibrating being; that is, it resonates in certain
situations, ideas, and feelings. For this, the presence of an inner tone, a sound, a melodic ex-
pression that man externalizes in his daily life throughout his life is suggested, in the same way
that man maintains a way of thinking and even a philosophy of his own. From this perspective,
music has foreseen certain epistemic transformations that, within the framework of science and
philosophy, have become present, such as the development of logic.
The classical logic is based on restrictive positivist precepts, to the point of being dogmatic, like
the early Pythagorean impressions of the art of sound or music. The linear deductive logic in-
herits the principles of identity, non-contradiction, the excluded middle, and even some Eucli-
dean postulates. Its nature is described by
Martinez (2015) as one that guides the mind to make
it see, demonstrating that a given theorem or proposition is implicit in axioms, postulates, or
fundamental principles, accepting as a basis those that are self-evident and do not require proof.
On the other hand, the same author refers to linear inductive logic as the one with an opposite
approach, which generalizes from specific observations to a general conclusion, also seen as
universal. This logical scheme notably prevailed in the study of reality. However, just like its mu-
sical counterpart, there was a noticeable deficiency due to its partially unreal nature, especially
in situations associated with society and its structures. Where linear, neither unidirectional nor
causal logic, are enough to understand it, as numerous characteristics intervene, providing a
dynamism that positivism did not foresee.
In this regard, authors like
Merleau-Ponty (1976) emphasize that the study of these structures
cannot be determined from the outside, as they do not come from the physical; they are based
on a network of relationships and integrations that, rather than being known, are lived and
need to be understood. This is where "verstehen" arises. From this perspective, reality is studied
based on what emerges, a stance that involves a dialogical or dialectical logic, where all parts
are seen from the whole and vice versa. Authors like Dilthey (1976) emphasize the importance
of an interpretative process that recognizes the parts in a repetitive cycle, also known as her-
meneutic.
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In this line of thought, human nature adheres to a hermeneutic logic, where the meaning of
various situations is sought through a dialectical interaction or movement of thought, involving
emerging onto-epistemic relations. Music follows this nature, and through harmony, seeks to
maintain a relationship between sounds, rhythms, melodies, psyche, mind, among others, as a
whole, made possible through dialogical thought.
Harmony, from music, or hermeneutics from philosophy, represent two sides of the same coin.
They are based on man's need to maintain an integrative and reflective logic with the possibility
of building new meanings, starting from a fruitful dialogue endowed with deep reflexivity, com-
plementarity, and recursiveness. Both stances, today, hold a relativism that approaches the past,
evidencing a neo-renaissance of Greek thought and other ways of thinking, all focused on in-
citing a state of consciousness, a gestalt awakening that allows man to build new interpretations
of reality and resignify existing ones.
Transcomplexity: an orchestra between melody and thought
So far, music has been used by man to recreate the natural world, interpret the socio-cultural
fabric, and even criticize humanity's path. However, due to its harmonic nature, music focuses
on the search for the whole, reconnecting with principles, foundations, disciplines, and other
representations through wonder, curiosity, and in the process weaving a path superior to con-
ventional logics that generates more questions and answers, driven by the uncertain and mul-
tiple nature of reality.
This search for the whole is also observed in human development and its debate between ex-
planation, understanding, and criticism; it is not about parceling out reality or focusing solely
on the internal relationships of a context, but emphasizing transcendence. In other words, it
encourages an approach that must overcome and lean towards transdisciplinarity, where diffe-
rent disciplines relate, blurring paradigmatic barriers, and inciting a state of consciousness, that
is, a transcendental awakening to the sum of their parts.
In this line of thought, transcomplexity emerges, a state of consciousness that allows the indi-
vidual to see relationships between different disciplines and guide explanations, understandings,
and criticisms, all immersed in reality, providing an integral vision of man and his environment.
What is described focuses on overcoming, according to
Martínez (2017), naive realism, breaking
away from reductionist suffocation, and entering a systematic, integral, and ecological logic,
that is, into a universal and integrative consciousness that advocates new ways of building
science. But how is transcomplexity visualized from music?
Transcomplexity in music highlights different ways of writing, describing, interpreting, and tea-
ching music, understanding that there is not just one perception or genre. There are different
traditions with divergent composition and interpretation characteristics, which, through dialogic
interaction, can result in new musical manifestations alternative to the canon, without limiting
themselves to the rational, cultural, emotional, or spiritual.
Music, philosophy, and transcomplexity: a conjunction between man,
melody, thought and reality
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
178
Similarly, transcomplexity, by strengthening connections with the past under soft relativism,
seeks a renewal of classical thought as if it were a neo-Renaissance movement, expanding the
perception of certain concepts and interrelation in the social fabric, blurring disciplinary barriers.
An example comes from the medical applications developed by
Sacks (2009), where music is
implemented in medical and psychiatric approaches as a brain stimulus factor, and how, from
neuroscience, beneficial effects on neuroplasticity are observed, involving new synergies in man
without distinction between science and art. This seemingly novel perception is a reconnection
with the Greek tradition, where philosophers like Plato recognized it as a relief for the soul, a
form of catharsis, and even a means of addressing certain behaviors and diseases linked to the
body.
The above highlights various dialogic relationships between science and the arts, drawing from
different disciplinary fabrics to the point of resulting in a transcomplex expression. Transcom-
plexity, in conjunction with music and philosophy, should guide paths in man through traces of
wonder, a journey where the conscious search for knowledge extends through numerous prin-
ciples, foundations, thoughts, paradigms, immersed in multiple worldviews in constant cons-
truction and deconstruction. This not only involves a journey through external reality but also
recognizes the internal reality, characterized as that vibration or personal philosophy, that re-
cursive, unfinished, and reflective worldview that, like reality, remains in constant evolution, ma-
king transcomplexity a bridge between both facets of reality.
In this sense, music and philosophy are ways to understand, delve into, and interpret the rela-
tionship between man and reality, all under the transcomplex halo, generating that conscious
and gestalt state that brings to light the inner self and exposes hidden nuances immersed in
the spectrum of uncertainty. This state of consciousness is an opportunity to detach from esta-
blished methods and involve new ways to dive into uncertainty. In music, it's about turning crea-
tivity beyond logic or feeling, it's about maintaining consciousness, detaching from existing
methods, and as
Aguilar (2017) indicates, it's about developing an idea, and in the process buil-
ding a structure around it that obeys a dialectical relationship between man, his facets, and
multiple realities, distancing itself from existing tradition.
In research terms, philosophy has allowed us to argue that science does not take refuge in the
methodological comfort that, under formulas, limits the generation of new ideas and even pre-
dicts creative practices before they have begun. The logic it upholds is based on the develop-
ment of thought through freedom, dialogic exploration, complementarity, and continuous
reflection, to the point of conceiving fruitful dialogue that does not ignore the existing, but tries
to represent something new from unknown routes.
Both perceptions demonstrate the transcomplex substrate based on reflection, synergistic re-
lationships, complementarity, continuous dialectical logic, and the recognition of a changing,
unfinished, and uncertain reality with more questions than answers, recognizing the interest in
curiosity and wonder that gives way to new possibilities, something that harmony from philo-
sophy and music have previously experienced. In this way, it is evident that, like science and re-
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search, there are other experiences like music and philosophy that invite man to constantly mu-
tate, adapt, in other words, to remain in motion between melody and thought.
A reflective melody, a closing thought
Philosophy and music each represent, from their own perspectives, humanity's need to evolve
and incite a state of consciousness that allows the establishment of continuous, synergistic, com-
plementary, and recursive relationships under the halo of a dialogic and integrative logic with
reality. Such facts allow for the establishment of a state of consciousness, termed "transcomplex”
that enables the connection, resizing, and redefining of multiple concepts, theories, and posi-
tions, resulting in new ways to view and reinterpret reality in its constant construction and de-
construction. This latter aspect is motivated by its changing and unfinished nature.
Studying music involves journeying through sciences, other arts, and philosophy, not only with
the intention to enrich the narrative and its compositions but to remain alert to environmental
changes. Meanwhile, philosophy is an invitation to wonder, curiosity, questioning, and conti-
nuous learning under a love for knowledge. In this way, the art of sound and thought share the
common pursuit and construction of emotional perfection, understanding reality, and guiding
oneself through traces of wonder and harmony present in an uncertain reality.
The aforementioned allows for reflection on how other human experiences, unconsciously, have
evolved and have focused on routes based on transcomplexity. This fact consolidates the need
for new relationships between sciences and arts that adhere to reality in an attempt to deepen
their fleeting understanding of it. Transcomplexity should promote and maintain this ethical and
ecological consciousness that exposes the relationship between the individual and their reality,
both immersed in the spectrum of uncertainty.
It's in this context that humans can capture beauty in various expressions and conceive new
paths for knowledge seeking. As musicians, philosophers, researchers, and human beings, they
connect the internal cosmos with the external, mediating between the macro and micro vibra-
tional cosmos through this harmonic, ethical, and aesthetic relationship.
These relationships are contrary to dogmatism, hermetic thought, and unidisciplinary develop-
ment. The aim is to establish a transcomplex relationship, given that music isn't governed by a
linear, inductive, or deductive logic. It can convey and create, in an instant for the individual, a
constellation of concepts, going beyond them to involve feelings and situations, demonstrating
its ability to resonate with various human experiences.
Music and philosophy are the precedents that transcomplexity leverages to invite humans to
ethically navigate between science and art, through harmony seen as a dialogic conciliatory
expression between seemingly antagonistic positions, reconciling reality's vibration with the in-
dividual's internal resonance. Hence, new generations should encompass musicians, philosop-
hers, artists, scientists, men of faith and science, in other words, all facets that provide greater
Music, philosophy, and transcomplexity: a conjunction between man,
melody, thought and reality
© 2024, Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Investigación y Postgrado, Venezuela
180
discernment and reflection on reality, as life is melody and conveys thoughts and ideas, and
true philosophy is an orchestra born from being. Transcomplexity is the consciousness that or-
chestrates and links all our thoughts and realities through the harmonization of learning and
wonder.
References
Aguilar, A. (2017). Filosofía y Música. Universidad Panamericana. https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=zYXWmqwILY8
Dilthey, Q. (1976). The Rise of hermeneutics, in P. Connerton (Dir), Critical sociology, Penguin.
Martínez, M. (2015). Epistemología y metodología en las ciencias sociales. Editorial Trillas.
Merleau, P. M. (1976). Fenomenología de la percepción. Editorial Península.
Nicola, U. (2008). Atlas Universal de Filosofía. Manual Didáctico de autores, textos, escuelas y
conceptos filosóficos. Editorial Océano.
Sacks, O. (2009) Musicofilia: relatos de la música y el cerebro. Editorial Knopf.
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Procedure Followed in the Reception, Selection, and Evaluation of Originals
Procedure Followed in the Reception, Selection, and Evaluation of Originals
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Procedure Followed in the Reception, Selection, and Evaluation of Originals